2020-09-08
170908-1 คำชวนสับสน ชุด D – Deep-seated
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้อง ในที่นี้ เป็นไป ตามมาตรฐาน ของภาษา
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง deep-seated = “DEEP-see-tid”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for deep
Adjective
BROAD, WIDE, DEEP mean having horizontal extent.
BROAD and WIDE apply to a surface measured or viewed from side to side. a broad avenue
WIDE is more common when units of measurement are mentioned rugs eight feet wide or applied to unfilled space between limits. a wide doorway
BROAD is preferred when full horizontal extent is considered. broad shoulders
DEEP may indicate horizontal extent away from the observer or from a front or peripheral point. a deep cupboard deep woods
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Is It 'Deep-Seated' or 'Deep-Seeded'?
Diving deep into a modern usage problem
What to Know
Deep-seated, not deep-seeded, is the correct term.
Deep-seated means "firmly established," as in "deep-seated resentment," but it also has an earlier literal meaning of "situated far below the surface," as in "a deep-seated inflammation."
It is from that meaning the figurative use of the word developed.
Some people assume that troublesome words lie at the more difficult end of the vocabulary spectrum: dilemma, imminent, corporeal. This is not always the case:
If your love of reading is deep-seated, it's firmly established.
If your love of reading is deep-seeded, you've just made a usage error.
Both seated and seeded show up paired with deep- in written,
edited prose, though only one of them is right.
Deep-seated is the adjective you are looking for to refer to something that is firmly established
(such as, "It was a deep-seated tradition for graduates to wear white under their graduation robes").
It can also refer to something that is situated far below the surface
—deep-seated fears, deep-seated inflammation, deep-seated psychological need.
The confusion between seated and seeded is easy enough to understand: they have nearly identical pronunciations.
But "to seed" means "to put seeds into the ground,"
and you'd think that the difference in meaning would help differentiate between the two.
After all, almost no one confuses peace and piece, another homophonous pair.
Tournament Seeding
Alas, seed has another meaning that encourages some confusion with seat: "to rank (a contestant) relative to others in a tournament on the basis of previous record."
English speakers clearly experience some cognitive dissonance regarding this sense of "seed": the verb seed means to plant something so it can grow, whereas ranking someone or something is like sorting and placing them into assigned place, or seat.
Combine that with the fact that we use the word chair (an analog to seat) to mark how orchestral players are ordered (first chair, a second-chair violinist), and you get:
Seed gained this new competition-related meaningat the end of the 1800s, and one of the early uses of this particular meaning in print helps clarify why it was seed and not seat that came to refer to ranking competitors:
Seeding in this sense means that competitors of all ranks will play each other through a tournament series, and it helps prevent top-ranking competitors from meeting in early rounds of that series.
In other words, the competitors are sprinkled across a wide field, like a farmer broadcasting seeds. Seeding is done in a number of sports, but because it's often done for championship tournament series, it's very easy to think of this as skills-based ranking, which we associate more with the word seat.
There's a simple way to figure out when you should use seed and when you should use seat.
First, if the word is preceded by deep- and doesn't refer to a sports team or competition, it will always be seated.
If you are talking about a competition, and in particular a competitor's rank, it will always be seed for both the verb ("He was seeded eighth at Wimbledon," "the eighth-seeded player at Wimbledon") and the noun ("He was the eighth seed at Wimbledon.").
The only time you should use the verb seat in such a context is if one competitor is literally sitting behind another ("He was seated behind his rival at Wimbledon and couldn't see the match very well").
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Words We're Watching: 'Deepfake'
What to Know
The term deepfake is typically used to refer to a videothat has been edited using an algorithm to replace the person in the original video with someone else (especially a public figure) in a way that makes the video look authentic.
The 'deep' in 'deepfake' is likely related to a process called 'deep learning.'
'Deepfake' Origins
The term (also styled as deep fake) started appearing in major newspapers and magazines in early 2018:
In early sources deepfake was used to referspecifically to pornography, but it was quickly understood that the word's referent could in fact be any video:
The first instance of deepfake in Nexis, a database of thousands of news publications, is as the name of the person who first made these videos; in the article the videos themselves are referred to with descriptors like "face-swapped pornography":
Deep Learning and Machine Learning
The fake in deepfake is transparent: deepfakes are not real; they're fake. The deep in deepfake is a bit murkier.
Deep has long-established use to describe what is difficult, complicated, intense, etc., and that use applies here, but deep in deepfake is also likely related to its use in deep learning, another term that has yet to meet our criteria for entry.
The meaning of deep learning is still settling, but most often it refers to a kind of machine learning
(that is, a complex process by which a computer is able to improve its own performance) that uses layered neural networks (that is, computer architecture in which processors are interconnected in a way that suggests neural connections in the human brain) to enhance the accuracy of the machine learning algorithms.
Deepfakes employ two separate sets of algorithms acting in conjunction: the first algorithm creates a video, and the second one tries to determine if the video is real or not. If the second algorithm can tell that the video is fake, the first algorithm tries again, having learned from the second algorithm what not to do. And the pair of algorithms go around and around until they spit out a result that the programmers feel is sufficiently real-looking.
Use of the term deepfake has steadily increasedsince it came on the scene:
While most terms take years to qualify for entry—that is, to prove that they're established members of the English language
—deepfake, with its clear referent and prominent position in legal and general discourse, is likely on a fast track.
COMMON Errors In English Usage
DEEP-SEEDED vs DEEP-SEATED
Those who pine for the oral cultures of Ye Olden Dayes can rejoice as we enter an era where many people are unfamiliar with common expressions in print and know them only by hearsay.
The result is mistakes like “deep seeded.”
The expression has nothing to do with a feeling being planted deep within one, but instead refers to its being seated firmly within one’s breast:
“My aversion to anchovies is deep-seated.”
Compounding their error, most people who misuse this phrase leave the hyphen out. Tennis players may be seeded, but not feelings.
The notion that English should be spelled as it is pronounced is widespread, but history is against the reformers in most cases.
Pronunciation is often a poor guide to spelling.
The veneration of certain political movements for the teaching of reading through phonics is nicely caricatured by a t-shirt slogan I’ve seen: “Hukt awn fonix."
COMMON Errors In English Usage
ให้ข้อสังเกต แนวคิด ที่มีแพร่หลายทั่วไป
ที่ว่า การสะกดคำอังกฤษ ควรทำตามที่ออกเสียง นั้น
หากแต่ตามประวัติศาสตร์ ส่วนใหญ่ยังมีการต่อต้านนักปฏิรูปเหล่านี้
ว่าบ่อยครั้ง การออกเสียง เป็นแนวทางชี้นำที่ไม่ดีพอ เพื่อการสะกด
ยกตัวอย่าง ความผิดพลาด เช่น
การเขียน “deep seated”ผิด เป็น “deep seeded”
โดย “deep-seated” มีความหมายเช่นเดียวกับ “deep-rooted”
คือ ฝังลึก หรือ ติดแน่น เช่น
‘A deep-seated sense of loyalty.’
‘The country’s political divisions are deep-seated.’
‘An opportunity for tackling the deep-seated causes of crime.’
เป็น คุณศัพท์ ปกติ ใช้นำหน้า นาม และต้องมี (dash) = (-) เสมอ
