พระไตรปิฎกเป็นคลังอารยธรรมทางปัญญาของมนุษยชาติ

Guide to Pāḷi Pronunciation (33 Consonants)
Showing Transliteration in Roman Script & Transcription in International Phonetic Alphabet

 


Click to listen to Pāḷi sound

  k kh g gh ṅ
c ch j jh ñ
ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ
t th d dh n
p ph b bh m
y r l v s h ḷ ṃ
* ก ข ค ฆ ง
จ ฉ ช ฌ
ฏ ฑ ฒ ณ
ต ถ ท ธ น
ป ผ พ ภ ม
ย ร ล ว ส ห ฬ อํ

* Siam-script vs Roman-script Tipiṭaka from the transliteration chart of King of Siam Pāḷi Tipiṭaka (1893)

All Consonants

 

Place of Articulation Manner of Articulation
Stops Approximant Fricative
Voiceless Voiced Non-lateral Lateral
Unaspirated Aspirated Unaspirated Aspirated Nasal

Glottal               h
              [ɦ]
Velar k kh g gh ṅ      
[k] [kʰ] [ɡ] [ɡʱ] [ŋ]      
Palatal c ch j jh ñ y    
[c] [cʰ] [ɟ] [ɟʱ] [ɲ] [j]    
Retroflex ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ r ḷ  
[ʈ] [ʈʰ] [ɖ] [ɖʱ] [ɳ] [ɻ] [ɭ]  
Dental t th d dh n   l s
[t̪] [t̪ʰ] [d̪] [d̪ʱ] [n̪]   [l̪] [s̪]
Bilabial p ph b bh m      
[p] [pʰ] [b] [bʱ] [m]      
Labio-dental           v    
          [ʋ]    
Nasal Cavity         (a)ṃ    
        [ã]      
        (i)ṃ    
        [ĩ]      
        (u)ṃ    
        [ũ]