การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้อง ในที่นี้ เป็นไป ตามมาตรฐาน ของภาษา
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง indirect = ‘in-duh (dahy) REKT’
ออกเสียง reported = ‘ri-PAWR-Tid’
ออกเสียง speech = ‘s-PEECH’
The A-Z of Correct English Common Errors Dictionary
indirect speech & reported speeches
Unlike direct speech
where the words actually spoken are enclosed within inverted commas,
indirect speech requires no inverted commas.
Direct: ‘I am exhausted,’ said Sheila.
Indirect: Sheila said that she was exhausted
Note how direct questions and commands
become straightforward statements
when they are reported in indirect speech.
A full stop at the end is sufficient.
Direct: ‘What is your name?’ Mr Brown asked the new boy.
Indirect: Mr Brown asked the new boy his name.
Direct: ‘Fire!’ commanded the officer.
Indirect: The officer commanded his men to fire
Collins English Usage Dictionary
reported speech
When we tell other people what someone else told us,
it is called indirect or reported speech.
We use reporting verbs to introduce
the information that was spoken previously.
The most common so-called “reporting verbs” are say and tell. When we use tell,
we need to use another person’s name,
or a personal pronoun representing him or her,
as an indirect object.
Dictionary.com
speech
MORE ABOUT SPEECH
What is speech?
Speech is the ability to express thoughts and emotions through vocal sounds and gestures.
The act of doing this is also known as speech.
Speech is something only humans are capable of doing
and this ability has contributed greatly to
humanity’s ability to develop civilization.
Speech allows humans to communicate much more
complex information than animals are able to.
Almost all animals make sounds or noises
with the intent to communicate with each other,
such as mating calls and yelps of danger.
However, animals aren’t actually talking to each other.
That is, they aren’t forming sentences
or sharing complicated information.
Instead, they are making simple noises
that trigger another animal’s natural instincts.
While speech does involve making noises,
there is a lot more going on than simple grunts and growls.
First, humans’ vocal machinery,
such as our lungs, throat, vocal chords, and tongue,
allows for a wide range of intricate sounds.
Second, the human brain is incredibly complex,
allowing humans to process vocal sounds
and understand combinations of them
as words and oral communication.
The human brain is essential for speech.
While chimpanzees and other apes have vocal organs
similar to humans’,
their brains are much less advanced
and they are unable to learn speech.
Related to the concept of speech is the idea of language.
A language is the collection of symbols, sounds, gestures,
and anything else that a group of people
useto communicate with each other,
such as English, Swahili, and American Sign Language.
Speech is actually using those things
to orally communicate with someone else.
WORDS RELATED TO SPEECH
conversation, dialogue, discussion,
expression, language, tone, voice,
debate, lecture, paper, rhetoric,
communication, dialect, diction
Did you know … ?
But what about birds that “talk”?
Parrots in particular are famous
for their ability to say human words and sentences.
Birds are incapable of speech.
What they are actually doing is learning common sounds
that humans make and mimicking them.
They don’t actually understand
what anything they are repeating actually means.
