2022-08-07 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด H - Habeas corpus


Revision H

2022-08-07

(151217-1) ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด H - Habeas corpus  

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Dictionary.com

ออกเสียง Habeas corpus = HEY-bee-uhs-KAWR-puhs

 

Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression

habeas corpus

Translated literally from Latin, 

         this phrase means “You have the body

In English usage, 

habeas corpus is a writ (written order) 

designed to secure the release of someone from unlawful restraint

In his first inaugural address, 

Jefferson referred to 

“freedom of person under the protection of the habeas corpus.” 

 

Dictionary.com

HOMEWORK HELP

What is habeas corpus?

The writ of habeas corpus

often shortened to habeas corpus

is the requirement that 

       an arrested person be brought 

       before a judge or court before being detained or imprisoned.

 

Where did the term habeas corpus come from?

Recorded as a legal borrowed word 

         by the 1460s in English, 

habeas corpus literally means in Latin 

you shall have the body,” 

or person, in court, and 

writ is a formal order under seal,

issued in the name of sovereign, government, court, 

or other competent authority.

So, a writ of habeas corpus is a court order 

to bring a person who’s been detained 

to court to determine whether or not their detention is valid

It’s fail-safe to prevent the government 

from imprisoning people without cause.

 

Habeas corpus originated in Medieval English common law. 

It’s difficult to say exactly where it first appeared in writing, 

but it was most famously codified 

in the 1215 Magna Carta

which granted all free men protection 

against illegal imprisonment. 

This English law was brought over 

to the North American British colonies. 

In turn, the U.S. Constitution, 

which was influenced by the Magna Carta, explicitly charges: 

“The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, 

unless when in Cases of Rebellion 

or Invasion the public Safety may require it.” 

Many other modern countries 

include writs of habeas corpus in their constitutions.

 

In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln famously used 

an executive order during the Civil War 

to suspend the writ of habeas corpus to keep Maryland, 

and important train routes between Washington, DC 

and the North, from falling to Confederate sympathizers.

 

Because the Constitution allows for suspension 

in the event of rebellion, 

Lincoln was within his rights to do this 

(England had also suspended the writ during past emergencies).

Still, the decision was controversial, 

as it meant those suspected of being associated 

with the Confederacy could be imprisoned without trial.

Habeas corpus was also suspended 

in some instances in World War II, 

notably by the governor of Hawaii after the attack on Pearl Harbor. 

 

In the 2010s, the writ has been 

the subject of much legal dispute over

the detention of suspected terrorists, 

especially concerning the detainees 

held in Guantánamo Bay without charge. 

 

In 2008, the Supreme Court found 

the Military Commissions Act of 2006 unconstitutional, 

which President Bush signed into allowing for 

the detention of “unlawful enemy combatants” against the U.S.

In common legal practice, 

the habeas corpus is invoked in cases 

where someone believes they’ve been wrongly detained. 

This applies to both people in prisons 

and people who are in mental institutions. 

Essentially, one could petition the court 

for a writ of habeas corpus, which, if granted, 

would give them a court date to determine 

the legality of their imprisonment. 

Such a trial could result, and has, 

in release from custody or reduction in sentence.

 

THE NEW DICTIONARY OF CULTURAL LITERACY, THIRD EDITION

Habeas corpus

A legal term meaning that 

an accused person must be presented physically 

before the court with a statement demonstrating 

sufficient cause for arrest. 

Thus, no accuser may imprison someone indefinitely 

without bringing that person and the charges 

against him or her into a courtroom. 

In Latin, habeas corpus literally means “you shall have the body.”

 

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Did you know?

The literal meaning of habeas corpus is 

"you should have the body"

—that is, the judge or court should (and must) 

have any person who is being detained brought forward 

so that the legality of that person's detention can be assessed. 

 

In United States law, 

habeas corpus ad subjiciendum 

(the full name of what habeas corpus typically refers to) 

is also called "the Great Writ," 

and it is not about a person's guilt or innocence, 

but about whether custody of that person is lawful 

under the U.S. Constitution. 

Common grounds for relief under habeas corpus

—"relief" in this case being a release from custody

—include a conviction based on illegally obtained evidence; 

a denial of effective assistance of counsel; 

or a conviction by a jury that was improperly selected and impaneled.

 

Did You Know?

The literal meaning of habeas corpus is 

          "You shall have the body"

          —that is, the judge must have the person 

charged with a crime brought into the courtroom 

to hear what he's been charged with. 

Through much of human history,

           and in many countries still today, 

           a person may be imprisoned on the orders of someone 

           in the government and kept behind bars for years 

           without ever getting a chance to defend himself, 

           or even knowing what he's done wrong. 

In England

            the right to be brought before a judge 

            to hear the charges and answer them 

            was written into law over 300 years ago, 

           and the U.S. adopted the British practice in its Constitution.

 

Dictionary of Unfamiliar Words by Diagram Group

habeas corpus

A writ requiring a person to be brought before a court 

          so that it can be decided whether or not 

         the person’s detention is lawful.

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