2022-04-23 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – G – general & generally
2022-04-23
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – G – general & generally
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Ref.: http://www.gotoknow.org/posts/598367 and 683279
Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง “General” = ‘JEN-er-uhl’
ออกเสียง “Generally”= ‘JEN-er-uh-lee’
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
general & generally
General and generally are loosely overused
in many expressions:
“generally speaking”
“in general”
“in a general way”
Possible substitutes:
prevailing, customary, ordinary, regular,
popular, catholic, common, universal,
and their corresponding adverbial forms (universally, etc.)
“Generally always” is a wordy, trite expression.
“Generally speaking” is usually a mere filler.
Dictionary.com:
HISTORICAL USAGE OF GENERAL
English general (adjective and noun) comes via Old French
from the Latin adjective generālis “common,
belonging to all, belonging to a race or genus”
(as opposed to speciālis “particular, belong to a species”).
The military sense of general (noun)
dates from the mid-16th century;
general officer and general of the army
date from the mid-17th century.
The heads of some Roman Catholic religious orders
are called generals,
a usage that began in the 16th century and
applied originally to the Jesuits but
now applies to the Franciscans and Dominicans as well;
the usage was extended in the 19th century
to the head of the Salvation Army.
The phrase in general originally meant
“in a body, collectively” (a sense that is now obsolete),
with a clear relation to the sense of the adjective general
“with respect to a whole class, group, or category.”
It later developed further to mean “usually,”
which can be interpreted as meaning
“as a general rule (rather than a specific instance).”
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR GENERAL
General, Common, Popular, Universal
agree in the idea of being nonexclusive and widespread.
General means belonging to, or prevailing throughout,
a whole class or body collectively, irrespective of individuals:
a general belief.
Common means shared by all, and belonging to one as much as another:
a common interest; common fund;
but use of this sense is frequently avoided
because of ambiguity of sense.
Popular means belonging to, adapted for, or favored by the people or the
public generally, rather than by a particular (especially a superior) class:
the popular conception;
a popular candidate.
Universal means found everywhere, and with no exceptions:
a universal longing.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Generally – mainly
1. 'generally'
Generally means 'usually',
'in most cases',
or 'on the whole'.
Paperback books are generally cheapest.
His answer was generally correct.
2. 'mainly'
Don't use generally to say that
something is true about most of something,
or about most of the people
or things in a group.
Use mainly.
The bedroom is mainly blue.
The people in the audience were mainly from Senegal or Mali.
Dictionary.com:
“Corporal,” “General,” “Sergeant,” “Private”:
What’s The Order Of The Military Ranks?
Published November 10, 2020
Growing up, most kids have that one friend with the incredibly strict parent.
You know the one
—the mom or dad who instills fear in everyone
so that no one ever misbehaves around them, ever.
There might also be a lot of yes ma’ams and no sirs involved.
Well, it’s easy to joke that these parents are as strict as military officers.
But in reality, not everyone knows the difference
between the military ranks
—are they as strict as generals, corporals, or privates?
And what’s the major difference
between these three distinguished rankings?
Let’s take a closer look.
What does private mean?
As an adjective,
private refers to something
that belongs to a particular person,
like private property or information.
As a noun, it is defined as
“a soldier of one of the three lowest enlisted ranks.”
In the US Army,
private is the lowest ranking that is usually given
during basic combat training to a soldier without a four-year degree.
From there,
a soldier can move up the ranks to
private second class,
private first class,
and specialist
before becoming a corporal.
How would you use the term private?
Here’s an example:
Although he struggled at following demands and taking orders
from others in his youth, the new private was thriving
in the structure of this role.
Private‘s first recorded use related to officer ranks
dates back to the mid-1700s.
The word is derived from the Latin word prīvātus (“private,”
as in belonging to a particular person).
What does corporal mean?
As an adjective,
the word corporal can refer to the human body.
But as a noun, it refers to the military.
Corporal can be defined as
“a noncommissioned officer ranking
above a private first class in the U.S. Army
or lance corporal in the Marines and below a sergeant.”
It can also refer to a similar rank in other countries’ armed services
as well as a U.S. surface-to-surface, single-stage ballistic missile.
A corporal is a team leader of the smallest Army units.
For example:
Although she should be proud of her status as a corporal in the Army,
she won’t be happy until she is officially a sergeant.
Corporal was first recorded around 1570–80 and is derived
from the Latin word corporālis (“bodily”).
What does sergeant mean?
In the US Army,
a sergeant is
“a noncommissioned army officer of a rank above that of corporal.” A sergeant oversees soldiers daily tasks and
they often lead a team or section of soldiers
that are slightly bigger than a corporal’s team
but usually only up to four soldiers.
There are levels of sergeant
including
staff Sergeant,
sergeant first class,
master sergeant,
first sergeant,
and sergeant major.
The term sergeant was first recorded in 1150–1200 from Middle English.
What do lieutenant and captain mean?
There are two lieutenant ranks in the US Military:
first lieutenant.
The second lieutenant is “an Army, Air Force, or Marine officer
of the lowest commissioned rank,” and
the first lieutenant is “an officer ranking next above second lieutenant
and next below a captain.”
So, the lieutenant rank is the first officer title one can achieve.
Second lieutenants lead platoons
which typically consist of 16–44 soldiers.
First lieutenants lead more specialized platoons and companies
(“the smallest body of troops,
consisting of a headquarters and two or three platoons.“)
The term lieutenant was first seen in 1325–75 from Middle English.
Above lieutenants are captains.
A captain is
“an officer ranking in most armies above
a first lieutenant and below a major.”
The term captain was first recorded in 1325–75 and ultimately
comes from the Late Latin capitāneus meaning “chief.”
What does major and colonel mean?
A major is “a commissioned military officer
ranking next below a lieutenant colonel
and next above a captain.”
They often lead brigades and task forces.
The term major was first seen in 1350–1400.
A colonel is “an officer in the U.S. Army, Air Force, or Marine Corps
ranking between lieutenant colonel and brigadier general:
corresponding to a captain in the U.S. Navy.”
That means a colonel is the second highest rank,
just under our next rank below.
Colonel is pronounced like kernel
in case you were wondering.
It was first recorded in 1540–50 and is
from an Italian word meaning “column” by way of French.
What does general mean?
As an adjective,
general can mean “of or relating to all persons or things
belonging to a group or category.”
But as a noun,
general refers to ranking within specific branches of the military.
Within the U.S. Army and Air Force,
general is “an officer ranking above a lieutenant general
and below a general of the army
or general of the air force.”
For the US Marine Corps,
it is simply an officer holding the highest rank.
In the US Army,
a general is an officer of any of the five highest ranks:
a brigadier general,
major general,
lieutenant general,
general, or general of the army.
Here’s one way to use the word:
After getting caught misbehaving, the soldiers were told
to immediately report to General Brown to discuss their actions.
A major general can be responsible for holding command
of 10,000–20,000 soldiers.
Of America’s 46 presidents, 12 have been former generals.
Some famous generals throughout history
include former presidents George Washington, Ulysses S. Grant,
Dwight D. Eisenhower, and Andrew Johnson.
A few other well-known generals (for both good and bad reasons)
include Napoleon Bonaparte, Douglas MacArthur, George S. Patton,
and Robert E. Lee.
The military sense of general dates from the 1500s;
general officer and general of the army date from the 1600s.
The heads of some Roman Catholic religious orders are called generals,
a usage that began in the 16th century and
applied originally to the Jesuits
but now applies to the Franciscans and Dominicans as well.
Ready for some practice?
Overall, these different rankings
explained above show a person’s standing in the hierarchy
—in that particular order.
An enlisted private is the lowest in the army ranks.
A private can eventually advance from this junior position to a corporal.
From there, there are many other advancements,
including sergeant, lieutenant, captain, major, and colonel,
until some reach a general officer ranking.
This is a senior officer role with typically over 30 years of experience
and is only second to general of the army during war time.
For example:
- With hard work and dedication,
she advanced during her career in the army
from a private to a lieutenant and then finally a general.
- Her grandfather became a private during World War II
after enlisting as a teen because
he always dreamed of becoming a sergeant.
Not everyone
who starts as a private will move all of the way up the ranks
to become a general, but every corporal, major, colonel, etc.
has to put in the time to gain experience
as well as authority before being promoted.
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