2022-03-17
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – F - farther & further
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Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียงfarther = “FAHR-ther”
ออกเสียง further = “FUR-ther”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
farther & further
Distinction between these words
has been breaking down for many years,
but careful speakers use farther andfarthest
to refer to a measurable distance or space:
“The ball traveled 10 yards farther.”
Further indicates
“greater in quantity, time, and degree”
and also means “moreover”:
“We should discuss this problem further.”
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
farther & further
Some authorities (like the Associated Press)
insist on “farther” to refer to physical distance
and on “further” to refer to an extent of time or degree,
but others treat the two words as interchangeable
except for insisting on “further” for “in addition,” and “moreover.”
You’ll always be safe in making the distinction;
some people get really testy about this.
The A-Z of Correct English Common Errors in English Dictionary:
farther & further
Both words can be used to refer to physical distance
although some writers prefer to keep ‘farther’ for this purpose.
I can walk FARTHER than you.
I can walk FURTHER than you.
FURTHER is used in a figurative sense:
Nothing was FURTHER from my mind.
FURTHER is also used in certain expressions:
FURTHER education until FURTHER notice
Dictionary.com:
WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED WITH FARTHER
Although some usage guides insist
that only farther should be used for physical distance
(We walked farther than we planned ),
farther and further have been used interchangeably
throughout much of their histories.
However, only further is used in the adverbial sense “moreover”
(Further, you hurt my feelings )
and in the adjectival senses “more extended” (no further comment )
and “additional” ( Further bulletins came in ).
The expression all the farther (or further )
in place of as far as occurs chiefly in informal speech:
This is all the farther the train goes.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Choose the Right Synonym for further
Verb
Advance, Promote, Forward, Further
mean to help (someone or something) to move ahead.
Advance stresses effective assisting in hastening a process
or bringing about a desired end.
advance the cause of peace
Promote suggests an encouraging or fostering
and may denote an increase in status or rank.
a campaign to promote better health
Forward implies an impetus forcing something ahead.
a wage increase would forward productivity
Further suggests a removing of obstacles
in the way of a desired advance.
used the marriage to further his career
Dictionary.com:
FARTHER VS. FURTHER
What’s the difference between farther and further?
Farther most commonly means
at or to a greater distance, especially a literal distance,
as in a few steps farther or two miles farther
or We’re moving even farther away.
Further can mean the same thing as farther
but commonly means to a greater figurative distance,
as in Nothing could be further from the truth,
or to a greater extent,
as in Let’s discuss this further.
The traditional distinction is that
farther is used for literal distances
and that further should be used for figurative distances
or metaphorical extents,
though in everyday communication,
they are often used interchangeably,
with further often being used for literal distances
and farther being used to mean
at a more advanced point or to a great extent.
However, further is used in a few ways that farther is not.
Further can be used as a verb meaning to advance something,
such as an agenda or cause,
as in This will help to further our cause.
As an adjective, further can mean more extended,
as in further delays, or additional,
as in We will hold further meetings.
It can also be used in the beginning of a sentence or clause
to mean the same thing as furthermore, in addition, or moreover,
as in I don’t like ice cream. Further, I don’t like pistachios.
So why would you buy me pistachio ice cream?
You can remember that
farther is typically used for literal distance
by remembering that
it’s the comparative form of the adjective far,
with the superlative form being farthest.
Here’s an example of
farther and further used correctly in the same sentence.
Example:
I have to drive farther than usual for work today
—I’ll explain further when I get home.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Farther vs. Further: Usage Guide
Adverb
Farther and further have been used more or less interchangeably
throughout most of their history,
but currently they are showing signs of diverging.
As adverbs they continue to be used interchangeably
whenever spatial, temporal, or metaphorical distance is involved.
But where there is no notion of distance, further is used.
our techniques can be further refined
Further is also used as a sentence modifier
further, the workshop participants were scarcely optimistic
— L. B. Mayhew , but farther is not.
A polarizing process appears to be taking place in their adjective use.
Farther is taking over the meaning of distance the farther shore
and further the meaning of addition. needed no further invitation
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Commonly Confused
Is it 'further' or 'farther'?
Helping you navigate the linguistic road ahead
What to Know
Some usage guides teach that farther refers to physical distance
and further to figurative distance,
but it might be better to let your ear guide you.
Historically, these words have been interchangeable
with regard to distance,
but further is the preferred choice
for the adverb meaning "moreover,"
the adjective sense meaning "additional,"
and as a verb ("to further one's career").
For most sets of commonly confused words
a nice and simple
‘this word means X and that other word means Y’
sentence can be crafted.
But here are certain exceptions;
some pairs of words appear to have a simple distinction,
but when inspected closer will soon have you questioning
whether we can ever truly say that a word means anything.
You know, like further and farther.
The case of further and farther has been common enough
over the past hundred-plus years
that dozens of usage guides have had a crack
at coming up with a simple explanation.
The most common quick answer is usually something along the lines of
"farther is for physical distance and further is for figurative distance."
As is often the case, however,
simple rules run into the buzzsaw of actual usage.
The Origins of ‘Further’ vs. ‘Farther’
The problem of distinguishing between further and farther
is compounded by the fact that
each of these words can be an adverb, adjective, or a verb,
and has multiple meanings in some of these parts of speech.
In certain cases you would do well to use one over the other,
in other cases there is a degree of leeway,
and in still others it doesn’t much matter which one you use.
Welcome to English.
Further is the older of the two,
with farther originating from it as a variant in Middle English.
For much of their history the words have been used interchangeably.
As adverbs, they still are interchangeable
when applied to distance (whether spatial, temporal, or metaphorical).
Many usage guides will still recommend
keeping farther reserved for literal distance
and further for figurative,
but there is enough recently published
evidence of the figurative use of farther
that it is difficult to say it is a mistake.
As Adverbs
As adverbs, further and farther are not confined to distance,
and this leads to one clearer distinction between the words.
Further has the meaning of “moreover” or “additionally,”
one that is not shared by farther.
Farther does not work very well as a sentence adverb,
and so it would sound rather awkward to begin a sentence with
“Farther, I’d like to address the issue of why these words are so confusing.”
As Adjectives
When using these words as adjectives
there are similar degrees of overlap and distinction.
While both words are defined as carrying
the meaning of “additional,”
this role has now been almost entirely taken over by further.
It is easy enough to find writers,
such as Edith Wharton, who in the past century have
used farther to mean “additional,"
but this use has decreased enough in recent decades
that you are advised to choose further.
However, when using an adjective to refer to distance,
either literal or figurative, the words are once again interchangeable (although further is increasing in frequency).
As Verbs
Finally providing use with a degree of clarity,
further is the undisputed winner in the verb bloodfest
(e.g., you attempt to further your career
by pretending to work harder than you actually do).
This is not to say that farther hasn’t also been used as a verb,
but it is now rare enough that you can sneer at anyone
who uses it in this fashion
(just kidding;
please do not sneer at people for their linguistic nonconformity).
We understand that
people who are looking for usage guidance
have a marked preference for single-sentence answers.
In some cases
it is not possible to distill hundreds of years of shifting usage
into a few dozen words.
If you come across a situation
which the paragraphs above do not address,
there is always the standard dodge given by usage guides
when no clear answer is possible: let your ear guide you.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language:
further
Usage Note:
Many writers since the Middle English period have used farther and further interchangeably.
A relatively recent rule, however, states that
farther should be reserved for physical distance
and further for nonphysical, metaphorical advancement.
The Usage Panel has favored this rule for some time.
In our 1987 survey, 74 percent of the Usage Panel
preferred farther in the sentence
If you are planning to drive any farther than Ukiah,
you'd better carry chains,
while 64 percent preferred further in the sentence
We won't be able to answer these questions
until we are further along in our research.
While the use of both adverbs was acceptable
in these examples in our 2009 survey, only 62 percent
accepted the use of further in the drive sentence quoted above,
and only 58 percent accepted farther in the research example.
Approval of usage following the rule was nearly unanimous.
Collins English Dictionary:
further
Usage: Farther, farthest, further, and furthest
can all be used to refer to literal distance,
but further and furthest are regarded
as more correct for figurative senses
denoting greater or additional amount, time, etc:
further to my letter.
Further and furthest are also preferred for figurative distance
Collins COBUID English Dictionary:
farther - further
Farther and further are both comparative forms of far.
Farthest and furthest are the superlative forms.
When you are talking about distance, you can use any of these forms.
Birds were able to find food by flying farther and farther.
He must have found a window open further along the balcony.
Gus was in the farthest corner of the room.
The sun is then at its furthest point to the south.
However, when you are talking about the degree or extent of something,
you can only use further or furthest.
He needed to develop his reading further.
The furthest you can get on a farm is foreman,
and you won't be this until it's nearly time to retire.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary:
further
usage:
As an adjective meaning “additional,” only further is used:
He gave no further trouble.
As an adjective designating distance, either literal or metaphoric,
both farther and further are used in all varieties of speech and writing:
the farther (or further) island;
a farther (or further) stretch of the imagination.
further is more usual as an adverb indicating degree:
Campaign rhetoric further strained relations between the two parties,
and further alone functions as a sentence modifier:
Further, this translation is closer to the original Greek.
As adverbs, both farther and further are used
for distance of any kind - spatial, temporal, or metaphorical:
Seattle is farther (or further) from Chicago than Cincinnati is.
Look no farther (or further): here is the solution.
His study of the epic extends farther (or further) than any recent one.
