2022-02-17
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – E - -ed & -t / -ed & -ing
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
-ed & -t
You have learnt your lessons only in U.K.-influenced countries,
you’ve learned them in the U.S.
There are severalcommon verbs
which often have “T” endings in Britain
which seem a little quaint and poetic in American English,
where we prefer “-ED.”
Other examples: “dreamt/dreamed,”
“dwelt/ dwelled,” “leant/leaned,”
“leapt/leaped,” and “spelt/spelled.”
However,
the following alternatives are both common in the U.S.:
"burned/burnt” and “kneeled/knelt.”
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
-ed & -ing
In some dialects it is common to say
“my shoes need shined” instead of
the standard “my shoes need shining” or “my shoes need to be shined.”
Dictionary.com:
HOW TO PRONOUNCE -ING
The common suffix -ing can be pronounced in modern English
as either [‐ing] or [‐in],
with either the velar nasal consonant [ng], symbolized in IPA as [ŋ],
or the alveolar nasal consonant [n], symbolized in IPA as [n].
The [‐in] pronunciation therefore
reflects the use of one nasal as against another
and not, as is popularly supposed, “dropping the g, ”
since no actual g -sound is involved.
Many speakers use both pronunciations,
depending on the speed of utterance
and the relative formality of the occasion,
with [‐ing] considered the more formal variant.
For some educated speakers, especially
in the southern United States and Britain,
[‐in] is in fact the more common pronunciation,
while for other educated speakers,
[‐ing] is common in virtually all circumstances.
In response to correction from perceived authorities,
many American speakers
who would ordinarily use [‐in] at least some of the time
make a conscious effort to say [‐ing], even in informal circumstances.
Dictionary.com:
-ed
= a suffix forming the past tense of weak verbs: he crossed the river
= and of participial adjectives indicating a condition or
quality resulting from the action of the verb (inflated balloons).
= a suffix forming adjectives from nouns:
bearded; monied; tender-hearted.
BRITISH DICTIONARY DEFINITIONS FOR ED
Suffix -ed
forming the past participle of most English verbs
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
History and Etymology for ed
Verb suffix or adjective suffix
Middle English, from Old English -ed, -od, -ad;
akin to Old High German -t,
past participle ending, Latin -tus, Greek -tos, suffix forming verbals
Verb suffix
Middle English -ede, -de, from Old English -de, -ede, -ode, -ade;
akin to Old High German -ta, past ending (1st singular)
and probably to Old High German -t, past participle ending
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary:
-ed
a suffix forming adjectives from nouns,
typically specifying that the person or thing
modified by the adjective possesses or is characterized
by whatever is denoted by the noun base:
bearded; diseased; layered.
Such adjectives are often derived from adjective-noun
or quantifier-noun phrases
(black-haired “having black hair”; three-headed “having three heads”)
or from more complex constructions
(hourglass-shaped “having the shape of an hourglass”).
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary:
-t suffix
slept; felt; dreamt.
Dictionary.com:
THER DEFINITIONS FOR T (9 OF 12)
-t
variant of -ed used in forming the past tense or past participle
of certain verbs,
usually occurring
when the final consonant of the stem is voiceless, a lateral, or a nasal
and there is internal vowel change in the root:
slept; felt; dreamt.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary:
-ing
a suffix forming the present participle of verbs (walking; thinking),
such participles being often used as participial adjectives:
warring factions. Compare -ing
[Middle English -ing, -inge;
the variant -in (usually represented in sp. as -in')
continues Middle English -inde, -ende, Old English -ende]
pron:
The common suffix -ing can be pronounced
in modern English as (-ɪŋ) or (-ɪn)
The two pronunciations reflect the use of
one nasal as against another (velar vs. alveolar)
and not, as is popularly supposed, “dropping the g,”
since no actual g-sound is involved.
Many speakers use both (-ɪŋ) and (-ɪn)
depending on speed of utterance
and the relative formality of the occasion.
For some educated speakers,
esp. in the southern United States and Britain,
(-ɪn) is the common pronunciation, while others use (-ɪŋ) virtually always.
In response to correction from perceived authorities,
many American speakers
who would ordinarily use (-ɪn) at least
some of the time make a conscious effort to say (-ɪŋ)
however informal the circumstances.
-ing
a suffix meaning
“one belonging to,” “of the kind of,”
“one descended from,”
and sometimes having a diminutive force,
formerly used in the formation of nouns:
bunting; farthing; gelding; shilling; whiting.
Compare -ling.
