2022-02-17
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – E - Ect. & etc
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
Ect. & etc
“Etc.” is an abbreviation for the Latin phrase et cetera, meaning “and others.” (Et means “and” in French too.)
Just say “et cetera” out loud to yourself to remind yourself of the correct order of the “T” and “C."
Also to be avoided is the common mispronunciation “excetera.”
“And etc.” is a redundancy.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
ect- combining form
variants: or ecto-
Definition of ect- (Entry 2 of 2)
: outside : external
ectoderm
History and Etymology for ECT
Combining form
New Latin, from Greek ekto-,
from ektos, from ex out — more at EX-
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
etc.
Words at Play
Digging Up the Latin Roots of Abbreviations
6 Jan 2022
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a written word or phrase
that is used in place of the whole.
Although abbreviations can be found
in inscriptions and manuscripts of ancient times,
the practice of using them significantly increased
in the English language during the 19th century
as a means to reduce thetime required for writing or speaking,
and quite a few Latin abbreviations began to be commonplace.
We're guessing that not many people know the full Latin words
behind some common and not-so-common abbreviations,
such as viz for videlicet.
We're here to educate.
Some of the abbreviations that we will discuss
are most often seen in the footnotes, endnotes, parenthetical notes,
and bibliographies of professional writing;
others can be found inmore casual writing,
maybe even in an email or text message. We hope it's not TMI.
The abbreviation e.g.
comes from the Latin phrase exempli gratia,
which translates literallyas "for example,"
and it is used in English with that meaning
to introduce one or more examples
that illustrate something previously stated
in order to make it more clear or understandable.
The abbreviation et al.
enters English in the late 19th century
and is a shortening of the Latin phrase et alii (the masculine form),
et aliae (the feminine), or et alia (the neuter)
—all of which mean "and others" or "and the others."
It is most frequently used in citing
(as in a footnote, endnote, or bibliography)
a publication that has three or more authors.
In the humanities,
only the first author's name precedes et al.:
In the sciences,
either the first three names are listed and followed by et al.,
or as many as six names are listed.
It is best to consult the recommended style handbook if you are unsure.
Commentators generally discourage the use of et al.
and similar abbreviations in expository writing,
but usage evidence tells otherwise.
In terms of styling, there is some variation.
Et al. is sometimes printed in italics,
and the period following al is sometimes omitted.
The favored style, however, is to retain the period
and display et al. in regular roman type.
In addition, there'sno need to include and before et al.
since et means just that, and.
The Latin phrase et cetera has been used in English
since the early Middle Ages and
translates as "and others of the same kind" or "and so forth."
(Et means "and"; cētera means "the other, other part, that which remains.")
Earliest print evidence of its common abbreviation, etc.,
is from the 15th century, and it is used after a partial list of things
to indicate that many others of the same kind can be inferred
("The zoo has lions, tigers, bears, etc.").
Before the 20th century, the spelling &c. was also common;
the ampersand standing in for et, meaning "and."
The phrase et cetera, as well as etcetera
(which didn't start being used until the 16th century),
is also applied
toconvey a number of unspecified additional persons or things.
Here's a sampling from literature.
The phrase and abbreviation are pronounced with an initial \et\;
pronunciations beginning with \ek\ and \ik\
are regarded as nonstandard.
Finally, when etc. is used at the end of a list in the middle of a sentence, it should be followed by a comma.
The abbreviation i.e. comes from the Latin phrase id est,
which means "that is,"
and it is used in English with that meaning
(or loosely "that is to say" or "what that means is")
to introduce something that explains or clarifies a preceding statementmore fully or exactly or that restates it
in more simple or different terms.
In other words, it means "in other words."
