2022-02-12
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – D - draft & draught
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง draft & draught = “DRAFT” or “DRAHFT”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
draft & draught
A draft is
(1) a drawing, sketch, or design;
(2) a current of air;
(3) the act of drawing or pulling load;
(4) the taking of money or other supplies from a source;
(5) selection by lot.
A draught refers to
(1) drawing liquid from a container;
(2) the act of drinking;
(3) a drink.
Both terms refer to air currents but otherwise have distinct meanings,
although in Great Britain
draught is the preferred spelling for several of the meaning
listed underdraft.
Examples:
“Suddenly she felt a cold draft (of draught) of fresh air.”
“Jim took a long draught of cold beer.”
(In recent years,draft has been more frequently used in this sense.)
“I shall issue a draft against your account at the bank.”
“He owns two heavy draft horses.”
“When a draft of fresh air entered the room, he took a draught of it into his lungs.”
The A-Z of Correct English Common Errors in English Dictionary:
draft & draught
A DRAFT is a first or subsequent attempt
at a piece of written work before it is finished.
A DRAUGHT is a current of cool air in a room.
One also refers to a DRAUGHT of ale, a game of DRAUGHTS
and a boat having a shallow DRAUGHT.
THE NEW DICTIONARY OF CULTURAL LITERACY, THIRD EDITION
A system for selecting young men
for compulsory military service,
administered in the United States
by the Selective Service System.
At present the United States relies on a volunteer military
and does not have a draft, though young men are required by law
to register with the Selective Service.
(See also conscientious objector and draft dodger.)
Dictionary.com:
HOW TO PRONOUNCE DRAUGHT
Draught is a variant spelling of draft
and is normally pronounced the same way,
as [draft] or [drahft] or with a vowel somewhere between [a] and [ah].
A pronunciation [drawt] is sometimes heard for draught,
perhaps because -aught is frequently pronounced [-awt] elsewhere,
as in caught and taught.
Collins COBUILD English Usage:
draught & draft
Draught and draft are both pronounced (/drɑːft/).
1. used as nouns
In British English, a draught
is a current of air coming into a room or vehicle.
The draught from the window stirred the papers on her desk.
They used to open the windows and doors to create a draught.
In American English, this is spelled draft.
A draft of steamy air blew out at them and Meers said,
'Jesus, we left the heat on'.
In British English,
draughts is a game played by two people with round pieces on a board
like a chessboard.
This game is called checkers in American English.
In both British and American English,
a draft of a letter, book, or speech is an early version of it.
...the change from the first draft to the final printed version.
He showed me the draft of an article he was writing.
2. 'draft' used as a verb
Draft can also be a verb.
In both British and American English,
when people are drafted somewhere,
they are moved there to do a particular job.
Extra staff were drafted from Paris to Rome.
In American English, if you are drafted,
you are ordered to serve in one of the armed forces.
I was drafted into the navy.
He took a temporary job while he was waiting to be drafted.
In British English, you usually say that someone is called up.
He was called up for National Service in 1950 and served as a driver with the Royal Signals.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
'Draft' vs. 'Draught'
They're spelling variants but aren't exactly interchangeable.
What to Know
Draft and draught can be used to refer to
an "early sketch or plan,"
"beer on tap,"
or even "dragging or pulling a load."
In American English,
draft is used for all of these,
except fancy bars that will have foreign "draught beers."
In British English, draft is used for the plans and sketches,
while draught is used for beer and pulling, such as a "draught horse."
In American English,
draught is rarely used as a spelling variant of draft,
except for one main setting:
in reference to beer or the container from which it is poured.
While the draft spelling
is much more commonfor beer in American English,
draught is sometimes used for imported beers
or the beer "on draught" at American establishments
that are either notably British or notably fancy.
Otherwise, draught is strictly a British English variant.
Draught in British English
In current British English,
both draught and draft are frequently used,
and they are used in specific senses.
Draft, for one,
is typically used for a preliminary sketch or outline
and for its corresponding verb;
it is also used
for an order for the payment of money from a person or bank.
Oddly, however,
despite these uses of draft
referring to acts of sketching, planning, and writing in British English,
draught is preferred in contexts relating to technical drawing
—or, rather, the work of a draughtsperson.
British usage dictates draftsperson to be reserved
for someone who draws up legal and official documents.
Draught is also used in British English
in reference to horses or other farm animals used in hauling
and a cold current of air
—American English uses draft in these senses.
The word draft (or draught) goes back to Middle English
and is related to Old English dragan, meaning "to pull, draw, or drag,"
which is reflected in the word's semantic development
relating to
acts of pulling loads,
drawing up plans, sketches,
and money orders,
and taking in beer, water, air, etc.
It also sheds light on draughts
as the name for the game of checkers
in which pieces are "dragged" over a board.
(The source of the American name of the game is the checkered pattern on the game board.)
In Middle English, draft is attested in various forms—including draht, drawt, drawght, and draught.
It's from the gh spelling that we get the \f\ pronunciation
(the digraph gh began being said that way in Middle English)
as well as draft, which began to gain ground by the 18th century.
This pronunciation also led to phonetic spelling variants of words like dafter and daufter for daughter,
which might be why Shakespeare rhymed after with daughter
in this couplet from The Taming of the Shrew:
American Usage of Draft
As American English developed
and became distinctfrom British English,
use of draught lessened and draft replaced it in all its senses.
A relatively recent development for draft in American English
is the sports sense,
referring to the system used by professional teams
for the selection of new players.
That sense dates to the late 1800s;
the related sense referring to
the selection of individuals for military service
goes back to the early 1700s.
Currently, use of expressions
like "fantasy draught," "team draught," and "player draught"
haven't caught on,
so if we were a betting dictionary (and we are),
we'd bet that
the sports sense will be adopted into British English as draft.
Now, since you've done all this reading, time for a pint?
Merriam-Webster DDictionary:
WIN: draft
Thanks to Noah Webster,
American English users don't have to explain to their children that draught rhymes with raft in direct contradiction
to the much more common past tense forms of catch and teach: caught and taught.
Webster himself included
the form draught in a few definitions in his 1806 dictionary,
demonstrating that spelling habits can die hard.
