2022-01-12
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – C - cement & concrete
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Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง cement = “si-MENT”
ออกเสียง concrete = “KON-kreet, KONG-” or “kon-KREET” (ver w/o object)
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
cement & concrete
These terms are used interchangeably
by many people but not by persons in construction industries.
Cement is an adhesive consisting of clay and rock materials
that form a paste when mixed with water.
Concrete is a construction material
made up of such items
as gravel, slag, and pebbles held together by cement.
That is, cement isbinding element in concrete:
“The contractor failed to put enough cement into his concrete mixture.”
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
cement & concrete
People in the building trades distinguish cement
(the gray powder that comes in bags)
from concrete (the combination of cement, water, sand, and gravel
which becomes hardenough in your driveway to drive your car on).
In contexts where technical precision matters,
it’s probably better to speak of a “concrete sidewalk”
rather than of a “cement sidewalk.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
History and Etymology for concrete
Adjective
Middle English concret "
(of words) denoting
a quality as adherent in a substance rather than in isolation,"
borrowed from Medieval Latin concrētus "composite,solidified,
(of words) denoting
a quality adherent in a substance rather than in isolation,"
going back to Latin, "formed, composite, condensed, solid,"
from past participle of concrēscere "to coalesce, condense, solidify, harden" — more at CONCRESCENCE
Verb
borrowed from Latin concrētus, past participle of concrēscere
"to coalesce, condense, solidify, harden" — more at CONCRESCENCE
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Did you know?
Adjective
We can trace "concrete"back to the Latin verb concrescere,
meaning "to grow together."
Appropriately, when if first entered English
"concrete" could mean "connected by growth."
Logicians and grammarians also applied "concrete"
to words that expressed a quality viewed as
being united with the thing it describes.
That in turn led to the sense of "concrete"
which we now contrast with "abstract"
- concrete words express actual things ("rock," "lizard, "harpsichord"),
while abstract words express qualities apart from actual things
("bliss," "freedom," "turpitude").
It was not until the 19th century that the noun "concrete,"
and its related adjective, began to be used
for the building material composed of cementing material
and sand, gravel, or similar materials.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
Is 'Cement' 'Concrete'?
An attempt to provide solid ground
What to Know
Within the construction trade
there is a distinct difference between cement and concrete
(which is made of cement plus other materials and water).
However, concrete is a relatively newer phrase
and before its use cement was used to refer
to both forms of building material.
Either is appropriate for everyday use.
The English language is rich in synonyms,
and contains many pairs of words
which are used interchangeably by a good portion of the population.
On certain occasions this substitution
of one word for another will bother
a smaller (but still significant) portion of the population,
who will shake their collective fists, gnash their collective teeth,
and hoot “X does not mean Y!”
The truly irate may write a letter to the editor
(if the substitution has been observed in some newspaper)
or craft a trenchant and biting tweet
(if the complainer prefers to howl into the void).
The words that have been used interchangeably
tend to continue apace, blithely unaware that
they are causing mental anguish to anyone.
This is the case even when the confusion of one for another
is the subject of advertising campaigns,
as in the case of concrete and cement.
”Cement” is not an interchangeable term for concrete,
the American Society of Concrete Constructors points out.
Millions of advertising dollars have been spent to make this distinction clear to the public; yet, the greater part of the time concrete is still referred to as “cement.”
— The Chicago Tribune, 29 Jul. 1967
'Cement' vs. 'Concrete'
This distinction is not a new one;
we have citations from over a century ago
in which writers take care to observe (or admonish) that concrete and cement are not synonymous
(the reasoning being that cement is one of the parts of concrete).
But cement is not concrete,
so another trial was made,
by forming blocks of the latter material 14 inches long,
4 inches wide, and 3 inches thick….
— The American Architect and Building News (Boston, MA), 7 Jun. 1884
Cement is a vital constituent of concrete, but concrete is not cement, Whyfor, then, do we hear “cement blocks,” “cement sidewalks,” cement buildings?” We usually mean what we say, or at least try to. Let us, then, say what we mean.
— A Subscriber, Concrete Engineering, 1 Jun. 1909
If people have been distinguishing between these words
for well over a hundred years,
millions of dollars in advertising money has been spent,
innumerable angry letters and tweets composed,
why is it that we still define cement as “concrete”?
Is is from ignorance? Spite?
Is it from anger that none of the millions of dollars of advertising money made its way into our pockets?
No, we define cement as synonymous with concrete
due to the fact that
this is the way that many people have been using
the word for more than 600 years.
The Origins of 'Cement'
Cement is far older than concrete,
and as far back as the 14th century
had a meaning that today would make many people
say “you mean concrete, not cement.”
For hundreds and hundreds of years
used cement to refer to walls, floors, foundations,
and the like, without anyone getting hot under the collar.
Alas my father, am I borne vnder so vnhappie a constellation, for to be a martyresse and prisoner, not in the end of my yeares, but in my young time? not in a prison of stone, or of cement, but in a tower of Copper and Latton, in such wise as I should dwell therein, perpetually?
— Raoul Lefèvre, The auncient historie, 1597
The Origins of 'Concrete'
Concrete, on the other hand, is a relative newcomer
(at least in the sense that is under dispute).
Although concrete has been in use as a noun since the 17th century,
it initially only meant
“a mass formed by concretion or coalescence of separate particles of matter in one body.”
The sense beloved by the building trades
(“a hard strong building material made by mixing a cementing material (such as Portland cement) and a mineral aggregate
(such as sand and gravel) with sufficient water to cause
the cement to set and bind the entire mass”)
does not appear in our records until the 1830s;
the first such appearances of the word tend to use language
indicating that this sense was new at the time.
The foundation is laid in a composition, forming a hard mass, called concrete.
— The Saturday Magazine (London, Eng.), 2 Feb. 1833
Of late years, a new method, or, at least, a remodeling of an old one, has been adopted, to which I am now about to call your attention, having had peculiar opportunities of observing its properties and effects. I allude to the composition called concrete.
— Architectural Magazine (London, Eng.), Feb. 1836
You may, if you wish, continue to distinguish between cement and concrete,
and we understand that there are many circumstances
in which it is useful to do so.
But this distinction is, in the relative scheme of things,
a recent one, and those people who use cement to refer to
“a hard strong building material” are not violating one of the basic principles of our language.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Words of the Week January 11th, 2019
Cement & Concrete
Roxane Gay spoke for many last week
when she expressed her frustration
with the haphazard use of the words cement and concrete.
The most common position in the cement/concrete imbroglio
is that cement is but one ingredient that goes into making concrete
(a substance which also contains some mineral aggregate and water).
Thus, cement is analogous to flour and
concrete is analogous to cake.
While we hesitate to gainsay Gay or the many hundreds of people
who commented on her tweet we do define cement as … um, “concrete.”
We also define it as “a powder of alumina, silica, lime, iron oxide, and magnesium oxide burned together in a kiln and finely pulverized and used as an ingredient of mortar and concrete,” and a number of other things, but it’s the “concrete” sense that gets people all in a swivet.
The reason we do this is not because we want to annoy you;
we define cement as “concrete” because that was the original sense
in which the word was used (in the 14th century).
Furthermore, it is still used in this sense by many people today;
were it not so widespread as to merit inclusion
people would not be complaining about it.
However, the fact that we define cement as “concrete”
does not mean that the two words are interchangeable,
or that it is appropriate to substitute concrete for cement willy-nilly.
You may certainly hold onto this peeve, if it brings you joy.
