2021-05-16 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – A – axiom & adage & proverb

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2021-05-16

ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – A – axiom & adage & proverb

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ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค

Dictionary.com

ออกเสียง axiom = ‘AK-see-uhm’

ออกเสียง adage = ‘AD-ij”

ออกเสียง proverb = ‘PROV-erb’

Dictionary.com

SYNONYMSTUDY FOR PROVERB

Proverb, maxim

are terms for short, pithy sayings.

A proverb is such a saying popularly knownand repeated,

usually expressing simplyand concretely,

though often metaphorically,

a truth based on common sense

orthe practical experience of humankind:

“A stitch in time saves nine.”

A maxim is a brief statement of a general and practical truth,

especially one that serves as a rule of conduct or a precept:

“It is wise to risk no more than one can afford to lose.”

Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree

Axiom = self-evident truth;

   = universally accepted principle or rule:

“As sure as day follows night” is an axiom.

Not to be confused with:

adage = traditional saying; proverb:

An old adage states that you reap what you sow.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Axiom

Did You Know?

Inmathematics or logic,

an axiom is an unprovable rule or first principle accepted

as truebecause it is self-evident or particularly useful.

“Nothing can both be and not be at the same time and in the same respect”

is an example of an axiom.

The termis often used interchangeably with postulate,

though the latter term is sometimes

reserved for mathematical applications

(such as the postulates of Euclidean geometry).

Itshould be contrasted with a theorem,

which requires a rigorous proof.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Proverb

Did You Know?

Proverbs probably appeared with the dawn of language.

Sayingssuch as "A stitch in time saves nine",

or "Pride goeth before a fall",

or "Least said, soonest mended",

or "To everything there is a season"

are easily memorized nuggets of wisdom.

But the convenient thing about proverbs

is that there's often one for every point of view.

For every"Look before you leap"

there's a"He who hesitates is lost".

"A fool and his money are soon parted" can be countered

with"To make money you have to spend money".

A cynic once observed,

"Proverbs are invaluable treasures to dunces with good memories".

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Usage Notes

Pro-Verb: The Complement to the Pronoun

The pro-verb, likethe pronoun, is a meaningful substitute.

Pro- isa common prefix in the English language

that hasa couple of quite different broad meanings.

It has the basicmeaning of "for" or "favoring,"

as in: the words pro-democracy or proponent

(which is from the same Latin source as propose

and implies the one who proposed something is doing so in favor);

however, the prefix can also mean "before" or "in front of,"

as in:

proceed ("to move in front"),

progress ("to move forward"), and

prominent ("standing out [in the front])."

15th-century linguists took the "for" meaning of pro-

and formed pronoun, which refers to words,

such as: she and who, that substitute for nouns

ornoun phrases that either occur before or after in context.

In the sentence,

"The book that won is based on a true story,"

for example,

that is a relative pronoun "for" the antecedent book.

In"It has been countlessly retweeted, and the meme has essentially gone viral,"

it isthe pronoun and its referent or antecedent

(an antecedent, by definition,

is a word or phrase that is represented by another word anywhere in context, even though the prefix ante- means "before") is meme.

In addition to the pronoun, there is the lesser known pro-verb,

which, like the pronoun, is a stand-in

—in this case,

it is a word filling in for an antecedent verb or predicate to avoid repetition.

(Proverb, the word used for a brief popular saying, is much older,

dating to the 14th century, and is from Latin proverbium,

which is based on verbum, meaning "word"

and is the root of English's verb.)

The linguistic term pro-verb entered English in the 19th century,

and the exemplary pro-verbs are inflections of the verb do.

For instance, do in the sentence

"My brother plays baseball and I do too"

is a pro-verb that stands in for "play baseball."

In"I liked the movie; she did too," did is the pro-verb.

Another example of do as a pro-verb is in response to questions:

"Do you remember the name of the restaurant that they recommended?" "Yeah, I do [remember the name]."

Auxiliary, or helping, verbs

—such as be, have, can, and will

—also function similarly to the pro-verb do

in that they express meaning mentioned elsewhere in context.

"Who is going to the party?" "I am [going to the party]."

"Who has been eating the cookies?" "I have [been eating the cookies]."

She cannot make it to the party, but I can [make it to the party].

He will not help you, but I will [help you].

You might also find an adverb functioning as a substitute

for another word or phrase,

like there (which can mean "in or at that place")

for "in the cabinet" in the sentence "Look in the cabinet,

you'll find what you are looking for there"

or yes in response to "Did you finish your report?"

(yes being interpreted as "I finished my report").

The adverbs so, too, as well, and other similar terms

can also be considered substitutes for words

or phrases in the same context:

"I'm hungry."

"Me too" [="Me hungry"

(a statement that Jim Henson's Animal

or Marvel Comics' the Incredible Hulk might say)]

Such words and expressions are most often discussed

as pro-forms in linguistics. (Pro-adverb is also used.)

Pro-forms are meant to avoid anaphora,

which is defined as

"repetition of a word or expression at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, sentences or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect."

 Abraham Lincoln's declaration in the historic Gettysburg Address that

"we cannot dedicate

—we cannot consecrate

—we cannot hallow

—this ground" is an example of anaphora.

The opposite of this is epistrophe,

which has the repeated term at the end instead of the beginning,

as in "of the people, by the people, for the people,"

again quoting Honest Abe.

In short, pro-forms, pronouns,

and pro-verbs shorten everyday communication

by avoiding repetition through a shorter substitution.

We'll end here before we begin repeating ourselves.

Dictionary of Problem Words in English

axiom& adage & proverb

An axiom isa universally accepted rule or principle or a self-evidence truth:

“There can be only one straight line between two points.”

“It is an axiom of economics that supply and demand are closely related.”

An adage is a statement given credit by long usage and general acceptance:

“It never rains but it pours.”

“It is always darkest before the dawn.”

A proverb is a short saying, usually of unknown origin,

that expressesa useful thought or commonplace truth:

“A rolling stone gather no moss.”

“A stitch in time save nine.”

The general word sayingembraces the meanings of these terms

and also, those of aphorism, maxim, apothegm, epigram and motto.