2021-01-03
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด S – Sabbath & Sunday
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Sabbath = ‘SAB-uhth’
ออกเสียง Sunday = ‘SUHN-dey’ or ‘-dee’
THE NEW DICTIONARY OF CULTURAL LITERACY, THIRD EDITION
NOTES FOR SABBATH
Christians have traditionally kept Sundayas a weekly day of rest
in adaptation of the Jewish observance,
and in commemoration of the Resurrection of Jesus.
Some denominations, such as the Seventh-Day Adventists,
observe Saturday as the Sabbath.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
The History of Sabbatical and Sabbath:Take a Break
We tend to think of sabbatical in academic terms,
as a school year free from teaching duties
that can be devoted to research, travel, and writing.
Traditionally, this occurs every seventh year.
Because of this scholarly context,
we may easily miss what is hiding in plain sight:
that sabbatical is related to Sabbath,
which refers to the Biblical day of rest, or the seventh day.
We trace the origins of both sabbatical and Sabbath
to the Greek word sabbaton.
Sabbaton itself traces to the Hebrewword shabbāth,
meaning “rest.”
The Old Testament refers to God’s “day of rest”
most famously in Genesis,
but Sabbath referring to an entire year of rest
is mentioned in Leviticus (25:3-5):
Six years thou shalt sow thy field,
and six years thou shalt prune thy vineyard,
and gather in the fruit thereof;
But in the seventh year shall be a sabbath of rest unto the land,
a sabbath for the LORD:
thou shalt neither sow thy field, nor prune thy vineyard.
That which groweth of its own accord of thy harvest thou shalt not reap, neither gather the grapes of thy vine undressed:
for it is a year of rest unto the land.
Sabbatical is also used as an adjective to
refer specifically to the rules governing the observance of the Sabbath, as in “sabbatical laws.
Dictionary.com
Where Does “Sunday” Get Its Name From?
Sunday is the first day of the week,
and it’s a day of rest before the start of the typical work week
in many Western cultures.
For some Christians and Catholics,
it’s also the designated day for people
to attend religious services in their Sunday best.
The English name for Sunday, however,
has nothing to do with its importance on the religious calendar.
Whereas Wednesday can be traced back to
the preeminent Norse god Odin
and Thursday is named after that god’s son Thor,
Sunday is named for the ball of gasthat lights our days.
And, if you look far enough into the day’s origin story,
you’ll discover it also involves a chariot-riding goddess
who pulls that ball of gas across the sky.
How Sunday got its name
The name for Sunday stems from the Middle English word sunnenday,
which itself comes from the Old English word sunnandæg.
The English derivations stem from the Latin diēs sōlis (“sun’s day”).
To know why this particular day is devoted to the sun,
you have to look to Babylonian times.
The Babylonians were the first to start the seven-day week,
and they brought it to the Latin-speaking Romans,
who named each day after a god.
Germanic and Nordic people did the same,
but replaced the Roman gods with their own corresponding gods.
The similarities between the two can be seen today for every day
but Sunday.
With Christianity, Latin-derived Romance languages
changed the dedication from “sun’s day” to “lord’s day” (domingo in Spanish, dimanche in French, and domenica in Italian).
“Sun’s day” stuck, however, in the languages
that would become modern English.
The sun, and therefore Sunday, had a corresponding god,
just like the other days of the week.
In Germanic pre-Christian religions,
the sun was represented by a womannamed Sol
who rode a chariot carrying the sun across the sky.
Her brother, Mani, carried the moon in a similar fashion,
and you can probably guess
which day of the week he’s the inspiration for.
The sun-carrying Sol is a much more enjoyable topic
to think about than the dreaded “Sunday scaries”
as every weekend comes to a close.
We’re not sure what’s worse: Sunday night or Monday morning.
But here’s something to look forward to on Mondays:
learning the origin story of the name Monday.
What Is The Origin Of The Name “Monday”?
Nobody wants to come down with a case of the Mondays.
But the second day of the week
—and the first day of the traditional work week
—doesn’t exactly have the best reputation.
Monday isn’t named after an ancient, one-handed Norse god like Tuesday is,
and it doesn’t take its name from a powerful god
who fashioned the human race like Wednesday does.
Monday does, however, reference one of the most recognizable
and revered objects in the night sky: the moon
(there is still a god in a chariot involved, but more on that later).
How Monday got its name
The English name for Monday comes from the Anglo-Saxon word Mōnandæg, which loosely means “the moon’s day.”
Mōna is the word for moon in Old English.
The second day of the week has been classified as the moon’s day
since Babylonian times.
The Babylonians were the ones who decided on a seven-day week,
and they named five of the days for planets,
and one each for the sun and for themoon.
Ancient Romans followed the same pattern,
though they technically thought
they were naming every day after a planet,
since the Romans thought that
the sun and moon were planets in their own right.
For the Romans, every planet had an associated godor goddess, and Luna was the goddess that personified the moon.
You can see the Ancient Roman influence
in the name for Monday in Latin (dies lunae, or “day of the moon”)
and the romance languages
(lunes in Spanish, lundi in French, and lunedi in Italian).
Germanic and Nordic-speaking people
took after the Romans when it came to days of the week,
but they changed the names to match their own planetary gods.
In Norse mythology, the moon was guided by the god Mani,
who pulled the moon across the sky via chariot
after his sister, the goddess Sol, pulled the sun across the sky.
It being the moon’s day meant it was alsoMani’s day.
Remember Mani on his chariot dragging the moon
the next time you feel like
you need to be dragged to work to startthe week.
Tuesday Is Named For A One-handed God Named Tiu
Yes, it’s true, there’s a wild story behind
the god who lends his name to Tuesday:
Tiu, also sometimes spelled Tiw.
Tiu’s remarkable myth even involves women with beards
(more on that in a bit).
But, the past 1,000 years or so
have not been kind to this Germanic divinity.
Who is Tuesday named for?
Tuesday comes from the Old English tīwesdæg,
meaning “Tiu’s day.”
Tiu was a Germanic god of thesky and war.
His equivalent in Norse mythology is Tyr.
The names of the days of the week
were modeled after the Latin names.
The Latin days of the week
were named after planets, which were namedafter gods.
The Latin for Tuesday was diēs Mārtis, “Mars’s day,”
with Mars being the Roman god of war.
And so the Anglo-Saxons swapped out Mars
for their Germanic counterparts
—in Old English that was Tiu,yielding Tuesday.
Tiu is the analog to the Norse Tyr,
who was a big shot
—and well-stored.
Listen to how he lost his hand:
There was a huge wolf named Fenrir,
who was prophesied to eventually kill Odin, king ofthe gods.
Understandably, the gods decided to restrain the beast
while he was still growing.
Fenrir kept breaking his tethers,
so the gods asked the dwarves to use their magic
to craft a massive chain leashcalled Gleipnir.
It was made of some impossible and unlikelyelements,
including the sound of cat’s footfall, a woman’s beard,
the root’s of a mountain, bear sinews, fishbreath, and bird spittle.
Fenrir wouldn’t let the gods bind him with Gleipnir
unless one of them stuck their hand in the wolf’s mouth.
Only Tyr was brave enough to do it.
Snap! That’s how Tyr lost his hand.
Think of that every time you’re wolfing down tacos on a Tuesday.
Who Is Wednesday Named For?
Where did the name Wednesday come from?
Surprise, surprise … Wednesday Addams
wasn’t the originator of the name.
In fact, the name Wednesday
actually derives from two mighty but distinct gods.
The Old English word for Wednesday
indicates that the day was named for the Germanic god Woden.
In Romance languages,
the name is derived from the Roman god Mercury.
(For example, Wednesday is mercredi in French and miercuri in Romanian.)
The gods Woden (also known as Odin)
and Mercury have been associated
since Scandinavian and Roman cultures crossed paths.
Under Woden’s supervision,
the earth and sky were created
from the dead body of a giant named Ymir.
Woden also created the first manand woman
from an ash tree and an alder.
As if fashioning the human race wasn’t enough,
Woden also established the laws of the universe.
Mercury was the messenger to the gods,
along with being the patron of science, the arts, travelers, and athletes.
Today, he is one of the most widely recognized gods.
Usually, he’s depicted wearing a winged helmet and sandals.
How did Wednesday become hump day?
Starting around 1965,
Wednesday began being referred toas hump day.
Smack dab in the middle of the traditional work week,
arriving at Wednesday symbolizes that we’ve made it over the hump
(once the day is complete, at least) and the weekend is in sight.
Wednesday first came to be known as hump day in the 1950s.
The expression figures Wednesday, the middleof the workweek,
as the hump people get over to coast into the weekend.
Why Is Thursday Named For A Comic Book Character?
Maybe you’ve read the comic books
or seen some of the Marvel movies
that feature a big blond guy named Thor,
founding member of the Avengers
and brother of Loki.
But, Thursday is a bigger tribute
to the Norse god of thunder than any movie orcomic book
upon which it’s based.
After all, it is “Thor’s day.”
Who is Thor?
In Norse mythology,
the original Thor is the oldest sonof Odin
and Earth’s goddess incarnate.
As the strongest of the Norse gods,
he is the god of thunder
(the Swedish word for thunder, tordön,
literally means “Thor’s din”),
but he is also associated with wind, lightning,and oak trees.
Early variations of his name include donar, thonor, and thunaraz.
His magic hammer Mjölnir is a fierce mountain-flatteningweapon.
Mjölnir, which means “crusher,”
is the root for the Russian and Welsh words for lightning.
Let’s not forget to mention this wonderfully vivid attribute of Thor:
his chariot pulled by two goats, Tanngrisnirand Tanngnjóstr,
that Thor can slaughter, eat, thenresurrect as good as new.
Roman scholars looked for commonalities
between the Greco-Roman pantheon of gods
and the deities of lands occupied by the Roman Empire.
Roman documents going back to the first century
intermix Thor’s strength andhammer
with Hercules’ bronze and club,
but also with Jupiter, the Roman god of thunder and the sky.
Why is Thursday named for a comic book character?
In the Roman calendar,
the fourth day of the week was named for Jupiter(lovis Dies).
During Roman occupation of Germanic territories,
the calendar was borrowed and the association of Jupiter
with Thor led to the naming convention forThunor’s Day,
eventually shortened to Thor’s Day.
Germanic languages all use Thor
as a root for the fourth day of the week:
Torstai (Finnish), Torsdag (Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish),
Donnerstag (German), Donderdag (Dutch).
Meanwhile, Romance languages (those based on Latin)
all originate from Jupiter: giovedi (Italian), jeudi (French), joi (Romanian).
Thor’s role in daily life became more prominent
as Christianity spread through Germanic-speaking areas.
Thor as a personal or place namewas common through the 10th century,
a channel for people to assert their original culture in a changing society.
Is Friday Named After A Goddess With A ChariotPulled By Cats?
In a world that knows too many details about unimportant matters,
one would think that our collective expertise
could be certain about something as essential asthe days of the week.
There is, however, a scholarly (and let’s face it, Marvel fan) debate
regarding which goddess of love
in Norse mythology is the namesake of “Friday.”
Who is Friday named for?
To complicate matters,
it may be that Frigg (or Frigga)and Freyja were
at one point all one goddess,or at least stemmed from the same one.
It’s a headache.
Here’s a dollop of the facts we know about both divinities.
Frigg is the queen of Asgard,
the capital city of the Norse gods.
She is a major goddess, and most myths focus on her roles
as a wife and mother.
Frigg is also said to be prophetic.
Like her husband Odin,
Frigg sometimes sits in a high seat called Hliðskjálf.
From there she can look into other worlds.
Freyja, which is Old Norse for the “Lady,”
has many associations,
which include fertility, gold, and death.
She rides a chariot that is driven by two cats.
When she’s not in her chariot,
she’s also known to hitch a ride on a boar she owns called Hildisvíni.
Friday in other languages
Friday is also associated with the planet Venus.
In most Romance languages,
the word for Friday derives from dies Veneris,
which in Latin means “day of Venus.”
For example,
in Romanian Friday is vineri, and in French it is vendredi.
The Popular Story About Black Friday’s Name Is A Myth
After Thanksgiving meals come Black Friday sales.
But, where did Black Friday come from?
Black Friday myths
While many people believe the term Black Friday
finds its roots in the sense of
black meaning “showing a profit; not showing any losses,”
this isn’t actually the case.
Historically, black has been associated with days of
economic stress as opposed to days of booming commercial success.
The first Black Friday occurred in 1869
after financier Jay Gould and railway businessman James Fisk
attempted to corner the gold market,
which ultimately resulted in financial panicand the collapse of the market.
A little over 60 years later, on October 29, 1929,
another stock market crash referred to as Black Tuesday
marked the onset of the Great Depression.
Where did Black Friday come from?
Following suit with the earlier “black” days,
the true origin of the post-Thanksgiving Black Friday
lies in the sense of black meaning “marked by disaster or misfortune.”
In the 1950s, factory managers first started referring to
the Friday after Thanksgiving as Black Friday
because so many of their workers
decided to falsely call in sick, thus extendingthe holiday weekend.
About 10 years later, Black Friday was
used by Philadelphia traffic cops
to describe the day after Thanksgiving
because they had to work 12-hour shifts in terrible traffic.
Soon, the term caught on among shoppers
and merchants in Philadelphia,
and from there it took off nationwide.
The 1980s brought the mythology of Black Friday as we know it today.
While the phrases in the black and in the red
are used in the business world to describe profitsand losses,
this explanation for one of the busiest shopping days of the year
only came about in the 1980s,
about 20 years after the phrase Black Friday was in regular use.
The Origin Of Cyber Monday’s Name Is From The 1940s
For many, Cyber Monday provides the perfect shopping solution:
all the holiday deals with none of the holiday crowds.
But, where did the name cyber Monday come from?
How cyber Monday got its name
Cyber Monday was first used in 2005
by the National Retail Federation to encourage people to shop online.
It referred then (and still does) to
the Monday following Black Friday
(the day after Thanksgiving and one of the busiest shopping days of the year).
Until the advent of the internet,
cyber was used in the formation of words
relating to computers, computer networks, or virtual reality.
This usage can be traced to the word cybernetics,
which was ushered into English in the 1940s
by the scientist Norbert Wiener.
Cybernetics refers to
“the study of mechanical and electronic systems
designed to replace human systems.”
It comes from the Greek term kybernḗtēs
meaning “helmsman” or “steersman.”
The first instance on record of cyber as a combining form is from 1961
in the Wall Street Journal:
“A major difference between the Cybertronand conventional computers … is the ability of the Cybertronto make use of raw data and signals.”
In 1966, fans of the popular sci-fi show Doctor Who
heard another cyber combining form: cybermen.
These deathly cyborgs have popped up over 20 times throughout the show’s run.
Cyber today
In current usage, cyber is largely used in terms relating to the internet.
One notable coinage in the evolution of this term
is the word cyberspace by novelist William Gibson.
He used it first in his 1982 story “Burning Chrome.”
He used the word again in his 1984 novel Neuromancer
in a passage that predated the introduction of the internet
to mainstream culture
(but captured its mystery surprisingly accurately):
“Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination
experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation,
by children being taught mathematical concepts
… A graphic representation of data
abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system.
Unthinkable complexity.
Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind,
clusters and constellations of data.
Like city lights, receding …”
Whether you love or loathe theidea of a day of online shopping,
cyber Monday has already been with us for more than a decade.
As technologies continue to change,
the ways we use the word cyber are likely to adjust, too!
What will the next wave of cyber-realities bring?
Why Is Friday The 13th Unlucky
There are many theories as to
why Friday the 13th is considered an unlucky day.
Fortunately, there aren't 13 of them.
Aside from that whole horror movie thing,
there are some old reasons
why this day has inspired so many superstitions.
Can you honestly
say that you’ve never felt a slight pangof concern
when waking up on the morning of Friday the 13th?
You’re not alone.
Maybe it’s triskaidekaphobia,
the fear of the number 13, that gets you down.
But, if 13s don’t bother you unless it’s Friday,
you might be susceptible to what’s sometimes known as paraskevidekatriaphobia or friggatriskaidekaphobia,instead.
Whether you plan on purposely walking under ladders
with black cats this Friday or staying tucked in bed,
it’s worth diving into
why Friday the 13th has a bit of a reputation.
Why do people fear the number 13?
First, let’s get into 13.
While many cultures have an issue with the odd number,
there’s no one set of circumstancesthat would make it
decidedly unlucky.
Common theories behind the fear of 13 include
- 1. Viking lore, where the unsavory Loki is
believed to be the 13th god in the Norse pantheon
- 2. a biblical reference to the 13 people reportedly
sitting at the table for Jesus’s last supper
- 3. numerology, where 13 is in low regard
because it follows 12, a very “complete” number.
But, if you ask an architect why they omitted the 13th floor
from a high-rise,
they probably won’t bother citing a source for their superstition.
Why is Friday the 13th unlucky?
Friday was named for one of two Norse goddesses, Freya or Frigga.
While exclaiming “TGIF”is common now,
some traditions consider “Frigga’s Day” to be unlucky.
That’s not the only theory as to why Friday the 13th is unlucky though.
Some Christians believe that Christ was crucified on a Friday.
Friday was also once known as “hangman’s day”
in ancient Rome and Britain
because it was usually the day that condemned peoplewould be hanged.
It’s likely that these two sets of unluckylists
just add up to make Friday and thirteen
an intense combination for superstition.
And of course, if you’re expecting unlucky things to happen,
you might even change your habits on days like this.
Multiple studies speculate that
businesses lose millions of dollars in revenue each Friday the 13th
because some people avoid regular behaviors
like traveling or making investments.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Sabbath & Sunday
The word Sabbath is derived from various words
in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, all of them meaning “to rest.”
Sabbath is the seventh day of the week (Saturday),
named in the Ten Commandments of the Old Testament
as a day of worship and rest
and thus observed by Jews and some Christian sects.
Sabbath is also a term for the first day of the week,
Sunday, observed by most Christian churches as a day of rest.
Sunday is derived from an Old English word meaning “day of the sun.”
