2020-11-18
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด O – of all (the) & offence & often
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้องนี้ เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานการใช้ภาษา
การใช้คำอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง of all (the)
ออกเสียง offence (Britishspelling) = ‘uh-FENS’ or ‘AW-fens’
(American = offense)
ออกเสียง often = ‘AW-fuhn’ or ‘OF-uhn’
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for offense
OFFENSE, RESENTMENT, UMBRAGE, PIQUE, DUDGEON, HUFF
mean an emotional response to or an emotional state resulting from a slight or indignity.
OFFENSE implies hurt displeasure. takes deep offense at racial slurs
RESENTMENT suggests lasting indignation or ill will. harbored a lifelong resentment of his brother
UMBRAGE may suggest hurt pride, resentment, or suspicion of another's motives. took umbrage at the offer of advice
PIQUE applies to a transient feeling of wounded vanity. in a pique I foolishly declined the invitation
DUDGEON suggests an angry fit of indignation. stormed out of the meeting in high dudgeon
HUFF implies a peevish short-lived spell of anger usually at a petty cause. in a huff he slammed the door
OFFENSE, SIN, VICE, CRIME, SCANDAL
mean a transgression of law.
OFFENSE applies to the infraction of any law, rule, or code. at that school no offense went unpunished
SIN implies an offense against moral or religious law. the sin of blasphemy
VICE applies to a habit or practice that degrades or corrupts. regarded gambling as a vice
CRIME implies a serious offense punishable by the law of the state. the crime of murder
SCANDAL applies to an offense that outrages the public conscience. a career ruined by a sex scandal.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
History and Etymology for offense
Middle English offence, offense "assault, breach of law, causing of displeasure," borrowed from Anglo-French offense, borrowed from Latin offensa "encounter with an obstacle, injury, wrong," noun derivative from feminine of offensus, past participle of offendere "to strike against, break a rule, displease" — more at OFFEND
NOTE:
The English senses "act of stumbling, stumbling block" are dependent on the Biblical passage "a stone of stumbling and a rock of offense"
(Isaiah 8:14, 1 Peter 2:8 in the Authorized/King James Version), itself dependent on the literal sense "stumble upon" of Latin offendere and its derivatives (cf. Vulgate "lapis offensionis et petra scandali").
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
of all (the)
Informal Idiom
Used in phrases
to express surprise, disapproval, anger and so on.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Word History
How to Pronounce 'Often'
The \t\ is silent. Why?
What to Know
Often has a medial /t/ that, like similarwords
such has "hasten" and "soften," was once pronounced
and is now typically silent.
Unlike the similar words, pronouncing the "t" in "often"
has returned in some modern usage.
This pronunciation is still scrutinized heavily and
there is a divide between whether
this is an educated or uneducated way of speaking.
There’s a \t\ in oftenplay, but how often do you hear it?
As you might guess, the \t\ was pronounced in the past,
when the word began as a variant of oft
(also spelled ofte in Middle English), which was the more common form until the 1500s.
Oft is now archaic for most of thesenses of often,
but is still used in compound adjectives like oft-repeated and oft-quoted.
Ofttimes and oftentimes both carry that archaic flavor
but are still in active use.
After the -en suffix was added to ¬oft,
the \t\ fell away in pronunciation,
but remained in the spelling.
Silent Medial T's
Similarly, the medial \t\ in
words like soften, hasten, and fasten was originally pronounced,
as the -en was added to base words that were recognizable (soft, haste, fast).
Listen is a bit different; although the archaic verb list exists,
listen comes from the Middle English listnen,
and evidence is that \t\ after \s\ and before \n\ was not pronounced.
In often, the \t\ came back via a spelling-influenced pronunciation in the 1600s, as both literacy and printing expanded rapidly in England. E. J. Dobson’s authoritative work English Pronunciation 1500-1700 notes that Queen Elizabeth herself did notpronounce the \t\, but that phonetically spelled lists made in the 17th century indicate that “the pronunciation without [t] seems to have been avoided in careful speech.”
Nevertheless, the prestige or upper-class standard pronunciation seems to have followed the queen’s example, because three hundred years later, the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary added this note to its entry for often:
The pronunciation (ȯf-tən), which is notrecognized in dictionaries,
is now frequent in the south of England, and is often used in singing.
And the 1934 unabridged Webster’s Second had this:
The pronunciation ȯf-tən, until recently generally considered as more or less illiterate, is not uncommon among the educated in some sections, and is often used in singing.
This note is curious—and dubious—for two reasons.
It apparently judges the speaker rather than the word, to which it adds the irony that the criticized pronunciation in question is based entirely on the word's spelling.
A person who uses this pronunciation would almost certainly be able to read.
The medial \t\ dropped out of many common words formed with -en,
but came back in often.
It is common today, but still stigmatized with the label ÷ in the dictionary; some educated speakers certainly do use it, but others consider it unacceptable. And they will often correct you.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Pronunciation of Often
Pronunciation: \ˈȯ-fən, ÷ˈȯf-tən\
Definition:
: many times : on many occasions
About the Word:
When people look up the pronunciation of often,
they may overlook the obelus mark (also known as the division sign).
The obelus is used in the dictionary to mark a pronunciation that occurs in educated speech but is considered by some to be questionable or unacceptable.
Pronouncing the "t" in often is one such variant, although in the seventeenth century, that was the preferred pronunciation.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
Offence & offense
In the US “offense” is standard;
in the U.K. use “offence.”
The sports pronunciation accenting the first syllable
should not be used
when discussing military, legal, or other sorts of offense.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
of all
This phrase has respectable standing in an expression
such as “Of all people, you……,”
But it is a wordy, useless waster of time and space
in expression like “First of all,” “second of all.”
