2020-11-12
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด N - necessary & essential
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้องนี้ เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานการใช้ภาษา
การใช้คำอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง necessary =’NES-uh-ser-ee’
ออกเสียง essential = ‘uh-SEN-shuhl’
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR NECESSARY
Necessary, essential, indispensable, requisite
indicate something vital for the fulfillment of a need.
Necessary applies to something
without which a condition cannot be fulfilled or to an inevitable consequence of certain events, conditions, etc.:
Food is necessary to life.
Multiplicity is a necessary result of division.
Indispensable applies to something that cannot be done without or removed from the rest of a unitary condition:
Food is indispensable to living things.
He made himself indispensable as a companion.
Something that is essential forms a vitally necessary condition of something:
Air is essential to red-blooded animals.
It is essential to understand the matter clearly.
Requisite applies to what is thought necessary to fill out, complete, or perfect something:
She had all the requisite qualifications for a position.
SYNONYM STUDY FOR ESSENTIAL
Essential, inherent, intrinsic refer tothat which is in the natural composition of a thing.
Essential suggests that which is in the very essence or constitution of a thing:
Oxygen and hydrogen are essential in water.
Inherent means inborn or fixed from the beginning as a permanent quality or constituent of a thing:
properties inherent in iron.
Intrinsic implies belonging to the nature of a thing itself, and comprised within it, without regard to external considerations or accidentally added properties:
the intrinsic value of diamonds.
Dictionary.com
Essential
Essential workers, like healthcare workers, grocery store employees, sanitation workers, first responders, transportation workers, and many others are out on the front lines during this pandemic, yet the word essential has still become a point of contention for many people.
Why are we so sick of it?
Perhaps because it lacks specificity.
In many instances, the word essential doesn’t seem to capture the importance of these roles in the same way as synonyms like crucial, indispensable, and necessary.
It also leaves out an important element:
Another word for essential is required.
Many workers are doing risky jobs out of necessity because the ability to social distance is a luxury afforded to those who have the means, a roof over their heads, and flexible work.
Essential is not always the clearest way to say that.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for essential
Adjective
ESSENTIAL, FUNDAMENTAL, VITAL, CARDINAL
mean so important as to be indispensable.
ESSENTIAL implies belonging to the very nature of a thing and therefore being incapable of removal without destroying the thing itself or its character. conflict is essential in drama
FUNDAMENTAL applies to something that is a foundation without which an entire system or complex whole would collapse. fundamental principles of algebra
VITAL suggests something that is necessary to a thing's continued existence or operation. cut off from vital supplies
CARDINAL suggests something on which an outcome turns or depends. a cardinal rule in buying a home
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Sorting Out Essential and Nonessential Clauses
When are commas needed? And what are relative pronouns?
What to Know
Essential clauses modify key words and are important to the main point of a sentence.
Nonessential clauses provide superfluous information that, while interesting, does not change the main point of a sentence.
Nonessential clauses are offset by punctuation
such as commas or parentheses to indicate the clause as an aside.
In English grammar,
a clause is a part of a sentence that has its own subject and verb and that provides either essential or nonessential information.
Thus, we have what are called "essential" and "nonessential" clauses.
Each is used differently,
so knowing which is which is important in writing.
For readers who are unfamiliar with the grammatical terms essential and nonessential
or unaware of which type of clause requires punctuation,
this is an essential article to peruse.
Essential or Nonessential?
As their descriptors suggest,
essential and nonessential clauses areopposite.
Essential is used to describe a clause
that is an important part of a sentence
because it modifies a key word.
For example, in "Bonuses are given to employees who meet their sales quotas,"
the who clause limits which employees receive bonuses,
making it essential to the sentence's statement.
A nonessential clause is essentially
an aside or provider of superfluous information
about a preceding word that might be interesting
but is insignificant to the sentence's main point.
For example,
in "Fall, which is my favorite season, begins next week,"
"which is my favorite season" is a nonessential clause
that does not affect the statement "Fall begins next week."
Because it does not restrict or modify the word Fall,
the clause can also be described as nonrestrictive; in contrast,
since an essential clause restricts or modifies a word,
it may be referred to as restrictive.
Punctuation Identifies Nonessential Clauses
Punctuation, or lack thereof,
can help identify an essential or nonessential clause.
An essential clause is not set off by commas or other internal punctuation marks, such as dashes or parentheses, with theunderstanding that it is a necessary part of the sentence.
Conversely, a nonessential clause is set offby punctuation that visually marks it as separate from the main part of the sentence.
To test if a clause is indeed nonessential,
leave it out and reread the sentence.
If the main point of the sentence is not lost or distorted,
then, yes, it is nonessential and needs punctuation.
Otherwise, it is essential and no punctuation is required.
Here are some example sentences showing how essential and nonessential clauses function.
Tea that is caffeinated keeps me up at night. [That clauses are usually essential, like this one.]
My refrigerator, which is only about 5 years old, started leaking. [Which clauses are often nonessential, like this one.]
Emily Dickinson—who was born in Amherst, Massachusetts—was an American poet. [The who clause is nonessential.]
The astronaut who first walked on the Moon was Neil Armstrong. [The who clause is essential.]
Those people whose names are on the list won a prize. [The whose clause is essential.]
The student was introduced to the well-known artist, whom she was excited to meet. [The whom clause is nonessential.]
As these examples demonstrate,
the relative pronouns that, which, who, whose, and whom
are used to introduce both essential and nonessential clauses that modify or describe a noun.
The following are examples of essential and nonessential clauses in which the relative pronouns are implied but not expressed.
The person seated next to me wouldn't stop talking during the show. [The clause "(who was) seated next to me" is essential.]
Students trying out for the team must sign up by Friday. [The clause "(who are) trying out for the team" is essential.]
The house we wanted to look at has been sold. [The clause "(that) we wanted to look at" is essential.]
The company, located in Boston, is changing its name. [The clause "(which is) located in Boston" is nonessential.]
The band, playing the latest hits, entertained the crowd. [The phrase "(which was) playing the latest hits" is nonessential.]
The physics teacher I had in 11th grade inspired me. [The phrase "(whom) I had in 11th grade" is essential.]
A writer's awareness of essential and nonessential clauses,
and when to correctly include or exclude a comma or other punctuation pause when using them, might go unnoticed by readers (as proper use of punctuation and grammar often does).
However, having that writerly awareness can make a reader's experience that much more pleasant (or that much less painful).
It is an essential quality for a good writer to have.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
'Essential' & 'Nonessential'
Or is it 'inessential'? Or 'unessential'?
What to Know
Essential means "of or relating to essence" or more commonly "of the utmost importance."
If something is not important, nonessential, inessential, and unessential are all acceptable terms,
although nonessential is the most common
and the term you will hear the most
when referring to "nonessential personnel or workers."
The COVID-19 pandemic has wrought considerable upheaval and raised numerous questions in the past several months. Entire industries have been shuttered, in an attempt to prevent the spread of disease, and governments in many countries have dictated that only stores deemed essential should remain open. What makes a store (or occupation) essential, and what do we call those which do not merit this descriptor? Is it nonessential, unessential, or inessential? As a dictionary we shy away from making pronouncements as to whether your liquor store or your haberdashery should more properly be considered essential, but we can tell you something of the word itself.
Origin of 'Essential'
Essential has been part of English since the 14th century, and may be traced to the Latin word for essence (essentia). The earliest sense of the word in English was, unsurprisingly, strongly connected to its Latin origin; essential first meant“of, relating to, or constituting essence”.
The common modern use (“of the utmost importance”) began to be used in the 16th century.
Words for "Not Essential"
Nonessential, unessential, and inessential appear to have entered use in the first half of the 17th century; all of these words in early use carried the meaning of “not essential.”
If the efficiencie was in Paul singularly, and in the Presbyterie by a bare concurrence, as you say it seems; there using of it then, makes nothing at all for our using of it now, unlesse we had such concurrence: and then Laying on of hands in these times is not only non-essentiall, but unlawfull.
— Lazarus Seaman, The diatribe proved to be paradiatribe, 1647
And to the ende that no man may conceaue these new Traditions to be spungie & of no weight, unnecessary, or unessentiall to christian Religion, he speakes directly, that the new Traditions are touching faith and manners….
— Pierre Du Moulin, A learned treatise of traditions (trans. by G. C.), 1631
An inessentiall part is an additament, which indeede somewhat bettereth and helpeth the Inuention, when it is added to the maine complement of the Machin, or Engin, yet being lacking and not vsed, it taketh not away the opperation or worke of the inuention or engin.
— Simon Sturtevant, Metallica, 1612
All three of these words still have the meaning of “not essential,” although each has secondary meanings that are not shared by all of them. Inessential and unessential are also defined as “having no essence” and “void of essence,” respectively, and nonessential also means “being a substance synthesized by the body in sufficient quantity to satisfy dietary needs” (as in nonessential amino acid).
If you’re wondering which one of these three is more apt for use in a pandemic you are always safe in choosing nonessential.
This word is far more common than unessential and inessential,
and when referring to people that needn’t come to work, or places that needn’t be visited most will choose nonessential personnel and nonessential travel.
But the three words are largely synonymous, and so if you want to refer to your local liquor store or haberdasher as inessential or unessential there is nothing to stop you from doing so.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary,
nec′es•sar`i•ness, n.
syn: necessary, requisite, indispensable, essential
indicate something that cannot be done without.
necessary refers to something needed for existence, for proper functioning, or for a particular purpose: Food is necessary for life. Sugar is a necessary ingredient in this recipe.
requisite refers to something required for a particular purpose or by particular circumstances: She has the requisite qualifications for the job.
indispensable means absolutely necessary to achieve a particular purpose or to complete or perfect a unit: He made himself indispensable in the laboratory.
essential refers to something that is part of the basic nature or character of a thing and is vital to its existence or functioning: Water is essential to life
.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary,
es•sen′tial•ly, adv.
es•sen′tial•ness, n.
syn: essential, inherent, intrinsic
refer to that which is in the natural composition of a thing.
essential suggests that which is in the very essence or constitution of a thing: Quiet is essential in a public library.
inherent means inborn or fixed from the beginning as a permanent quality or constituent of a thing: properties inherent in iron.
intrinsic implies belonging to the nature of a thing itself and comprised within it, without regard to external considerations or accidentally added properties: the intrinsic value of diamonds.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
necessary
1. used with an infinitive
If it is necessary to do a particular thing, that thing must be done.
It is necessary to act fast.
It is necessary to examine the patient carefully.
2. used with 'for'
You can say that it is necessary for someone to do something.
It was necessary for me to keep active and not think about Sally.
It is necessary for management and staff to work together positively.
Be Careful!
If you use necessary in sentences like these, the subject must be it.
Don't say, for example, 'She was necessary to make several calls'.
Say 'It was necessary for her to make several calls'.
However, in conversation and in less formal writing,
people normally say 'She had to make several calls'.
See must
If one thing is necessary for another,
the second thing can only happen or exist
if the first one happens or exists.
Total rest is necessary for the muscle to repair itself.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
necessary & essential
These words are used interchangeably
to mean “indispensable or requisite for the fulfillment or accomplishment of something.”
What is necessary or essential cannot be done without,
cannot be dispensed with:
“Water is necessary (or essential) to sustain life.”
“It is essential (or necessary) that you vote today.”
Essential is the stronger word:
it means “pertaining to the very essence of being.”
If you tell someone that he must attend a meeting,
that it is necessary for him to bethere,
you are expressing strong desire and are implying some compulsion.
But if you tell him that it is essential for him to attend,
the implication is that if he doesn’t, the meeting will be canceled.
