2020-10-24
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด I - -ize
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Dictionary.com
Suffix -ize = British - -ise
USAGE NOTE FOR -IZE
The suffix -ize has been in common use since the late 16th century; it is one of the most productive suffixes in the language, and scores of words ending in -ize are in daily use.
Some words ending in -ize have been widely disapproved in recent years, particularly finalize (first attested in the early 1920s) and prioritize (around 1970).
Such words are most often criticized when they become, as did these two, vogue terms, suddenly heard and seen everywhere, especially in the context of advertising, commerce, education, or government—forces claimed by someto have a corrupting influence upon the language. The criticism has fairly effectively suppressed the use of finalize and prioritize in belletristic writing, but the words are fully standard and occur regularly in all varieties of speech and writing, especially the more formal types.
The British spelling, -ise, is becoming less common in British English, especially in technical or formal writing, chiefly because some influential British publishers advocate or have adopted the American form -ize.
COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY
USAGE FOR -IZE
In Britain and the US -ize is the preferred ending for many verbs,
but -ise is equally acceptable in British English.
Certain words (chiefly those not formed by adding the suffix to an existing word) are, however, always spelt with -ise in both Britain and the US: advertise, revise
Collins English Dictionary
-ize or -ise
suffix forming verbs
1. to cause to become, resemble, or agree with: legalize.
2. to become; change into: crystallize.
3. to affect in a specified way; subject to: hypnotize.
4. to act according to some practice, principle, policy, etc: economize.
[from Old French -iser, from Late Latin -izāre, from Greek -izein]
Usage: In Britain and the US -ize is the preferred ending for many verbs,
but -ise is equally acceptable in British English.
Certain words (chiefly those not formed by adding the suffix to an existing word) are, however, always spelt with -ise in both Britain and the US: advertise, revise
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary,
usage:
The suffix -ize, one of the most productive in the language, has been in common use since the late 16th century. Some of the words formed with -ize have been widely disapproved in recent years, particularly finalize (first attested in the early 1920s) and prioritize (around 1970). Such words are most often criticized when they become, as did these two, vogue terms, suddenly heard and seen everywhere, esp. in the context of advertising, commerce, education, and government - forces claimed by some to have a corrupting influence upon the language. Both finalize and prioritize are fully standard, occurring in all varieties of speech and writing, although rarely found in belletristic writing. ―The British spelling -ise is becoming less common in British English, esp. in technical or formal writing, chiefly because some influential British publishers prefer the American form.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary,
-ize
a verb-forming suffix occurring orig. in loanwords from Greek that have entered English through Latin or French (baptize; barbarize; catechize); within English, -ize is added to adjectives and nouns to form transitive verbs with the general senses “to render, make” (actualize; fossilize; sterilize; Americanize), “to convert into, give a specified character or form to” (computerize; dramatize; itemize; motorize), “to subject to (as a process, sometimes named after its originator)” (hospitalize; terrorize; galvanize; oxidize; winterize). Also formed with -ize are a more heterogeneous group of verbs, usu. intransitive, denoting a change of state (crystallize), kinds or instances of behavior (apologize; tyrannize), or activities (economize; philosophize; theorize).
Also, esp. Brit., -ise1. Compare -ism, -ist, -ization.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Guide
Adding -Ize to a Noun or Adjective:
The suffix -ize has been productive in English since the time of Thomas Nashe (1567–1601), who claimed credit for introducing it into English to remedy the surplusof monosyllabic words. Almost any noun or adjective can be made into a verb by adding -ize hospitalize familiarize ; many technical terms are coined this way oxidize as well as verbs of ethnic derivation Americanize and verbs derived from proper names. bowdlerize mesmerize Nashe noted in 1591 that his -ize coinages were being criticized, and to this day new words ending in -ize finalize prioritize are sure to draw critical fire.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
The True Story of 'Realize' and 'Realise'
Two spellings, now an ocean apart
What to Know
Realize and realise are alternate spellings of the same word. In the US and Canada, realize is by far the more common spelling. In the UK, Australia, and New Zealand realise dominates, though realize is sometimes used too. The discrepancy stems from a history of different dictionaries and publishers choosing their preferred versions until a pattern stuck.
All of a sudden (and after much research) it just came to us.
Realize and realise are two different spellings of the same word. Chances are, if you're reading something that originates in the US or Canada, you'll see realize. And chances are, if you're reading something that originates in the UK, Australia, or New Zealand, you'll see realise.
We see this played out in current publications:
This is Bergin’s goal: To make women realize that sitting habits can be a risk factor for musculoskeletal problems, and that they may be able to avoid particular aches, pains and conditions by refusing to sit with their legs pressed together, crossed or otherwise anatomically scrunched.
— Elizabeth Kiefer, The Washington Post, 19 Nov. 2019
The early pioneers of the BBC realised that radio could reach into every home and would provide a universal service for the public good.
— Hugh Chignell, The Guardian (London), 17 Nov. 2019
And it can be observed in literature of the past too:
The words were hardly spoken when she realized their infelicity.
— Edith Wharton, The House of Mirth, 1905
Did she realise, to begin with, what a very small part of the world the land was?
— Virginia Woolf, The Voyage Out, 1913
Earliest Usage
We do not see it, however, in the earliest instances of the word in English.
The first examplesof realize in print date to the early 17th century, and even though the word was borrowed into English from the French réaliser, it was at first only rendered as realize in English. It was almost a century and a half before realise began to appear—first, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, in a letter by none other than lexicographer Samuel Johnson. He wrote on December 30, 1755, "Designs are nothing in human eyes till they are realised by execution."
British vs. American English
Johnson's famed dictionary was published that same year, but it did not include an entry for the word. There is nothing in his A Dictionary of the English Language between reaffirmance and realty. Nathan Bailey's 1721 An Universal Etymological English Dictionary, however, had defined realize (and spelled it thus) as "to cause a being real, to admit as a reality."
In going with the realise spelling, Johnson and those who followed his example nod to the word's French source word, réaliser. The suffix -ize itself is likewise French, and has as its closest ancestor the Middle French suffix, -iser. But the "z" is present etymologically just beyond -iser. That suffix comes from the Late Latin -izare, and ultimately from the Greek suffix -izein.
The realize spelling used on this side of the Atlantic owes something of a debt to someone near and dear to our hearts, here at Merriam-Webster. Our lexicographical forefather, Noah Webster, was a great believer in spelling reform, and was in a powerful position to make that reform a reality. Among his many contributions to distinctly American spelling was his insistence that words like realize have a "z" to match their \z\ . In his 1806 A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, he favored realize as well as cruize, merchandize (noun), praize, and poize. He allowed for both surprise and surprize.
Webster of course won some and lost others of those -ize battles. While American English consistently coins words with -ize rather than -ise, there are plenty of words that are spelled with ise despite sounding like they have a "z" in them: wise, surmise, advise, rise, franchise, and many others.
So how did we wind up with the current situation? Lynne Murphy, in her book The Prodigal Tongue, an in-depth investigation of the differences between American and British English, reports that a 19th century explosion of English coinages with the suffix in question (most appearing first in British English) coincided with a rash of French -ise borrowings, such as galvanise, mobilise, and polarise, and that during this same period—the mid-1800s—there was a shift toward the -ise spellings in British English overall. The Oxford English Dictionary's decision in 1884 to simplify the matter by uniformly listing the -ize spellings of verbs before their -ise variants (because of the Greek etymon -izein we mentioned above) led to an increase in the use of -ize in British English for a time, so that both spellings were fully acceptable.
Modern Usage of -Ise vs. Ize
But then, explains Murphy, in the 1990s two influential publishers took a stand for -ise: both The Times of London and Cambridge University Press determined to use -ise rather than -ize. Around the same time, people were exploring the Internet—and English beyond their corner of the globe—as never before, and a notion that -ize was a creation of American English took hold in British English, inspiring in some a fierce resolution to embrace the -ise spellings overall, and to leave -ize to that transatlantic upstart with the inferior version of the language.
And that is how we got to where we are today: with realize being by far the favored form in American and Canadian writing, and realise being mostly the favored form in British and Australasian English. And all of us being forced to realize that English can be so very complicated.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
-ize
This suffix has aided in the creation of hundreds of standard words such as pasteurize, dramatize, sterilize and hospitalize.
Unfortunately, many weird improprieties have also resulted, such as powerize, concernize, and headlineize. Most verbs and adjectives in the language can be treated with -ize, but it would be well not to finalizeor permanentize or concretize or definitize an attachment to them until such coinage are widely accepted.
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