2020-09-10
171022-คำชวนสับสน ในการใช้ ชุด D – Deprecate & depreciate
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้อง ในที่นี้ เป็นไป ตามมาตรฐาน ของภาษา
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง “deprecate” = “DEP-ri-keyt”
ออกเสียง “depreciate” = “dih-PREE-shee-yet”
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words
Deprecate หมายถึง
express disapproval of; deplore, belittle, denounce, condemn:
deprecate a criminal
Not to be confused with:
depreciate – lessen the value or price of; downgrade, disparage, minimize: depreciate a car
Dictionary.com
HISTORICAL USAGE OF DEPRECATE
An early and still the most current sense of deprecate is
“to express disapproval of.”
In a sense development still occasionally criticized by a few,
deprecate has come to be synonymous with the similar
but etymologically unrelated word depreciate in the sense “belittle”:
The author modestly deprecated the importance of his work.
In compounds with self-,
deprecate has almost totally replaced depreciate in modern usage:
Her self-deprecating account of her career both amused and charmed the audience.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for depreciate
DECRY, DEPRECIATE, DISPARAGE, BELITTLE
mean to express a low opinion of.
DECRY implies open condemnation with intent to discredit. decried their defeatist attitude
DEPRECIATE implies a representing as being of less value than commonly believed. critics depreciate his plays for being unabashedly sentimental
DISPARAGE implies depreciation by indirect means such as slighting or invidious comparison. disparaged polo as a game for the rich
BELITTLE usually suggests a contemptuous or envious attitude. belittled the achievements of others
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
A New Meaning of 'Deprecate'
Why do some people use deprecated to describe obsolescent technology?
Update: This meaning was added in June 2018.
Deprecated is increasingly used as a technical term meaning
"to recommend against using something on the grounds that it is obsolete," or "to declare some technological feature or function to be obsolescent."
It's another example of technologists borrowing an existing word to describe something new, just as mouse was borrowed to describe the device that moves a cursor.
Yet the word deprecate has already shifted its meaning in ways which make some people uncomfortable
—and it's unclear whether the confusion surrounding this commonly confused word has contributed to its new technical usage.
Deprecate', which means "to criticize," is often
confused with 'depreciate',
which means "to lower in value."
Did this contribute to its new use as a word describing obsolescent technology?
The earliest meaning of deprecate was "to pray against, as an evil,"
and soon after this first meaning it took on the additional sense
"to express disapproval of."
Meanwhile, depreciate, the closely related word with which it is often confused, means "to lower in value."
Although deprecate retains its meaning of disapproval,
it has also come to be employed in a fashion that is similar to a figurative sense of depreciate (more "to belittle" than "to lower in value").
This can be seen in its appearance in self-deprecating—which originally was self-depreciating.
The fact that usage guides have spent a number of decades
explaining to people how they should not use deprecate
appears to have had little influence on the 1980s computer users
who first used the word to describe obsolescent technology:
These technologists used deprecated in a very specific fashion,
and it is clear that it has a meaning for which there is no other suitable word.
It is less clear, however, exactly why deprecate was chosen
over some other existing word, or instead of creating a new one.
One possibility is that they associated it with the "to lessen in worth"
sense of depreciate.
Perhaps a clue to another possibility may be found in the writings of one of the word’s early adopters, Kevin Martin (quoted above).
After using deprecate he attached a definition from The Random House College Dictionary, made note of that book’s fourth sense—
—and added “I often find the 4th definition appropriate :-)”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions
ให้ความหมาย “deprecate” คือ
“to express disapproval of” = “แสดงความไม่เห็นด้วยใน” หรือ
“to plead against” = “ขออุทธรณ์” และ
“to protest” = “คัดค้าน”
ส่วน “depreciate” หมายถึง
“to belittle” = “ดูแคลน” หรือ “เหยียดหยาม” หรือ
“to lower in value” = “ทำให้ค่าลดลง”
เนื่องจากทั้งสองคำสะกดคล้ายกันมาก (เพียงเพิ่ม “i” ที่คำหนึ่ง)
จึงมักเขียนผิด เมื่อไม่ระวัง ทำให้ต่างความหมาย
โดยบางครั้งใช้ “deprecate” แทนความหมายของ “belittle” เช่น
‘Jesse deprecated his contribution to the cause.’
‘The teacher deprecated the laziness of his students.’
‘The property deprecated in value.’
Random House Dictionary:
ให้ข้อสังเกต การใช้ “deprecate” และ “depreciate” ว่า
“ความหมายตาม นัย แต่แรก และยังคงใช้อยู่ของ “deprecate” คือ
“to express disapproval of”
หากแต่ใน การพัฒนานัย ยังมีบางคนติติงอยู่บ้าง ในการใช้
“deprecate” ให้พ้องความหมายกับ
คำคล้ายแต่ไม่เกี่ยวข้องกันด้านนิรุกติศาสตร์
คือ “depreciate” ในนัย ว่า “belittle” เช่น
‘The author modestly deprecated the importance of his work.’
‘He deprecated the importance of his work.’
เมื่อใช้ ร่วมกับ ‘คำนำหน้า self-,‘ นั้น ในปัจจุบัน
คำ “deprecate” ได้เข้าแทนที่ “depreciate” เกือบทั้งหมด เช่น
‘Her self-deprecating account for her career both amused and charmed the audience.’
‘She charmed them with a self-deprecating account of her career.’
American Heritage Dictionary:
dep′re·cat′ing·ly adv.
dep′re·ca′tion n.
dep′re·ca′tor n.
Usage Note: Deprecate originally meant
"to pray in order to ward off something, ward off by prayer."
Perhaps because the occasion of such prayers was invariably one of dread, the word developed the more general meaning of disapproval,
as in this quotation from Frederick Douglass:
"Those who profess to favor freedom, yet deprecate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground."
From here it was a small step to add the meaning "to make little of, disparage," which was once the proper meaning of depreciate.
This meaning of depreciate appears to have been overwhelmed by the word's use in the world of finances, where it means "to diminish (or cause to diminish) in price or value."
In similar fashion, the "disparage" sense of deprecate may be driving out the word's other uses. In our 2002 survey, only 50 percent of the Usage Panel accepted deprecate when it meant "to express disapproval of" in the sentence He advocates a well-designed program of behavior modification and deprecates the early use of medication to address behavioral problems.
Moreover, a similar example in the same survey elicited the same split in opinion among Panelists:
He acknowledged that some students had been wronged by the board's handling of the matter and deprecated the board's decision to intervene. It seems clear, then, that the Panel has very mixed feelings about the use of deprecate to mean "disapprove of."
But a great majority of Panelists accept deprecate when used to mean "make little of, disparage." Fully 78 percent accepted the example He deprecated his own contribution to the success of the project, claiming that others had done just as much.
It may be that the widespread use of the word in the compound adjective self-deprecating has helped bolster this use of the verb.
American Heritage Dictionary:
ให้ข้อสังเกตการใช้ “deprecate” ว่า
แต่เดิม หมายถึง
“to pray in order to ward off something, ward off by prayer.”
อาจเป็นเพราะ การสวดเพื่อวอนขอเช่นนี้ เป็นเรื่องที่น่าหวาดกลัวเสมอ
คำนี้จึงพัฒนาความหมาย โดยทั่วไปเป็น “การไม่เห็นด้วย”
เช่นในคำกล่าวของ Frederic Douglass ว่า
“Those who profess to favor freedom, yet deprecate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground.’
จากนั้น เริ่มขยับเพิ่มความหมาย “to make little of, disparage”
ซึ่ง ครั้งหนึ่ง เคยเป็นความหมายที่เหมาะสม ของ “depreciate”
ความหมายนี้ของ “depreciate”
ดูเหมือนจะได้อิทธิพลจากการใช้ในโลก “การเงิน”
ที่ใช้ให้หมายถึง “to diminish” หรือ “cause to diminish”
ใน คุณค่า หรือ ราคา
การสำรวจเมื่อปี 2002 Usage Panel พบว่า เพียง ร้อยละ 50 ยอมรับ
ให้ใช้ “deprecate” ในความหมาย “to express disapproval” เช่นประโยค
‘He advocates a well-designed program of behavior modification and deprecates the early use of medication to address behavioral problems.’
หากแต่ ร้อยละ 78 ยอมรับให้ “deprecate” หมายถึง “disapprove of” เช่น
‘He deprecated his own contribution to the success of the project, claiming that others had done just as much.’
การใช้คำผสม “self-deprecating” กว้างขวางทั่วไป อาจเป็นส่วนที่เสริมการใช้เช่นนี้
COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH USAGE
DEPRECIATE/DEPRECATE
To depreciate something is to actually make it worse,
whereas to deprecate something is simply to speak or think of it in a manner that demonstrates your low opinion of it.
