2020-09-10
171020-คำชวนสับสน ในการใช้ ชุด D – Dependant & dependent
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้อง ในที่นี้ เป็นไป ตามมาตรฐาน ของภาษา
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง “dependant” และ “dependent”
= “dih-PEN-duh nt”
Oxford Dictionary of English
อธิบายว่า แต่เดิมจนกระทั่ง เมื่อไม่นานมานี้
British English ถือว่าสะกด “dependant” ได้อย่างเดียวเมื่อเป็น นาม เช่น
‘a single man with no dependents.’
ปัจจุบัน ยอมรับการสะกด “dependent” ว่า เป็น การใช้ มาตรฐาน
และเป็นสิ่งที่ปรากฏทั่วไป ว่าใช้สะกดเช่นนี้ใน Oxford English Corpus
ส่วนใน US English การสะกดมาตรฐาน คือ “dependent” เมื่อใช้เป็น นาม
หากแต่เมื่อใช้เป็น คุณศัพท์ สะกดด้วย “-ent” มิใช่ “-ant” เช่น
‘We are dependent on his goodwill.’
Collins COBUILD English Usage
depend
1. 'depend on'
If you depend on someone or something or depend upon them,
you need them in order to survive.
At college Julie seemed to depend on Simon more and more.
Uruguay's economy has depended heavily on its banking sector.
The factories depend upon natural resources.
If one thing depends on another thing,
the first thing is affected by the second.
The success of the meeting depends largely on whether the chairperson is efficient.
The cooking time depends on the size of the potato.
Be Careful!
Depend is never an adjective.
Don't say, for example, that someone or something
'is depend on' another person or thing.
You say that they are dependent on that person or thing.
The local economy is dependent on oil and gas extraction.
2. 'depending on'
You use depending on to say that something varies according to particular circumstances.
There are, depending on the individual, a lot of different approaches.
They cost £20 or £25 depending on the size.
3. 'it depends'
Sometimes people answer a question by saying
'It depends', rather than 'yes' or 'no'.
They usually then explain what else affects the situation.
'What time will you arrive?' 'It depends. If I come by train, I'll arrive at 5 o'clock. If I come by bus, I'll be a bit later.'
Collins COBUILD English Usage
อธิบาย การใช้ “dependent” และ “dependant” เป็น คุณศัพท์ ว่า
“ถ้าคุณ “are dependent on” บางคน หรือ บางสิ่ง” หมายถึง
“คุณจำเป็นต้องมีพวกเขา เพื่อให้อยู่รอดได้” เช่น
‘At first, a patient may feel very dependent on the nurse.’
‘… those who are entirely dependent for their welfare on advertising.’
เมื่อใช้ “dependent” และ “dependant” เป็น นาม ว่า
ใน British English “your dependants” หมายถึง
“ผู้คน ที่คุณต้องให้การสนับสนุน ด้านการเงิน” เช่น ลูกๆของคุณ เช่น
‘….shorter or more flexible working hours for people with dependants.’
ใน US English เมื่อใช้เป็น นาม ปกติ สะกดว่า “dependent” เช่น
‘Employees and their dependents are seeking help in greater numbers.’
THE A-Z of Correct English Dictionary
dependant or dependant
The adjective (meaning reliant) is always dependent? -ent.
She is a widow with five DEPENDENT children.
I am absolutely DEPENDENT on a pension.
The noun (meaning someone who is dependent) has traditionally been spelt -ant.
However, the American practice of writing either -ant or -ent
for the noun has now spread here.
Either spelling is now considered correct for the noun
but be aware that some conservative readers would consider this slipshod.
She has five DEPENDANTS/ DEPENDENTS.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Is it ever correct to use dependant instead of dependent?
The simple answer to the question of
when dependant should be preferred to dependent is
—for the American writer, anyway—maybe never.
But that's only the simple answer.
In British English, dependant tends to be used for the noun,
as in "a person's spouse and dependants,"
while dependent is the usual choice for the adjective,
as in "a person's spouse and dependent children."
In American English, dependent typically does both jobs.
This wasn't always the case: dependant is the older of the pair.
The word is derived from French dépendant,
which was borrowed into English during the Middle Ages
with two different meanings:
a literal one, "hanging down" (dépendant is the present participle of the French verb dépendre, meaning "to hang down”)
and an extended one, “determined or conditioned by another.”
For two centuries, the English adjective was frequently
spelled with final -ant or -aunt.
But in the 16th century, the spelling of the word began to shift
toward the -ent ending,
influenced by the Latin form of the word, dēpendēnt.
It is this Latinized spelling of the adjective
that is predominately found in American and British English today.
The French-derived dependant, however, still has life across the pond
—as a noun.
The noun form is newer; it dates to the early 16th century,
around the time that the spelling of the word was shifting.
Why the -ant spelling for the noun had more staying power in British English is unknown.
As the Oxford English Dictionary notes, it was possibly influenced by other nouns, such as defendant and assistant.
In summary, dependant can be used for the noun
in either British or American English,
but dependent for either noun or adjective is a safe choice in American English.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
How to Use 'Dependent' and 'Dependant'
To be safe, use 'dependant' as a noun ... and in Britain.
What to Know
The difference between dependent and dependant
is merely a matter of preferred spelling.
"Dependent" is the dominant form in American English
for both the noun and adjective,
while in British English, "dependant" is more common for the noun.
"Dependent" is still used to indicate the adjective form in British English but its use in this form is uncommon.
The suffixes -ant and -ent are alike in sound and meaning,
and they often give a noun or adjective variant spellings.
For instance, propellant is the common spelling,
but propellent is an accepted less-common variant.
On the flip side, the -ent ending of repellent prevails over repellant.
Truly, there's nothing holding back a writer who wants to use a standard variant (provided they can take the inevitable criticism).
That said, if dependant is being considered in place of dependent, there are a couple things to heed.
The '-ent' ending is influenced by the Latin form of the word, 'dēpendēnt.'
Origin of Dependent and Dependant
Though dependant is older, dependent dominates in American English; thus, the -ant spelling might be read as a mistake.
Additionally, in British English, the spellings function more as indicators of parts of speech than as variants: dependent tends to be used for the adjective and dependant for the noun.
The word is derived from French dépendant, which was borrowed into English with its French meaning of "hanging down" in the 14th century. (Dépendant is the present participle of dépendre, meaning "to hang down.")
Toward the end of the 16th century, the adjective was applied to things decided or determined by something else, as in "a conclusion that is dependant on a premise."
Later, dependant came to describe people—especially children—who rely on the support of another.
About the same time, the spelling of the word began to shift toward the -ent ending, influenced by the Latin form of the word, dēpendēnt.
It is this Latinized spelling of the adjective that is predominately found in American and British English today. The French-derived dependant, however, still has life across the pond.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Noun Form
As for the noun form, it also appears in the early 16th century in reference to something attached to something else
—for example, a consequence to an action or an appurtenance.
And it, too, began to be freely spelled with either suffix. Later in the century, the word was applied to a person who looks to another for support
—as in one of those aforementioned children who are dependent.
With adjectival use of the word becoming less frequent, the convention of using dependant as the preferred spelling for the noun in British English is useful to help keep them sorted.
For American English, you'll be covered either way if you stick to dependent, but you have a defensible position should you choose otherwise (and use it as a noun).
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
ให้คำแปล คำกลุ่ม “depend” ว่า
กริยา “depend” (ตามด้วย on) ว่าคือ
“ไว้วางใจ” = (to rely on) เช่น
‘You can’t depend on his arriving on time.’’
“พึ่งพา” = (to rely on receiving necessary (financial) support from) เช่น
‘The school depends for its survival on money from the Church.’
“ขึ้นอยู่กับ” = (to decided by) (of a future happening) เช่น
‘Our success depends on everyone working hard.’
รูป คุณศัพท์ คือ “dependable” คือ
“เชื่อถือได้” = (trustworthy/reliable) เช่น
‘I know he’ll remember to get the wine – he’s very dependable.’
รูป นาม คือ “dependant” คือ
“ผู้อยู่ภายใต้การอุปถัมภ์” = (a person who is kept/support by other) เช่น
‘He has five dependents to support – a wife and four children.’
รูป คุณศัพท์ คือ “dependent” คือ
“พึ่งพา” = (relying on ‘someone’ for (financial) support) เช่น
‘He is totally dependent on his parents.’
“ขึ้นอยู่กับ” = (to be decided by) เช่น
‘Whether we go or not is dependent on whether we have enough money.’
สำนวน “it/that depends” หรือ “it all depends” คือ
“แล้วแต่” = (‘what happens/is decides’ will be affected by something else) เช่น
‘I don’t know if I’ll go to the party – it all depends.’
