2023-05-26 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด I – Irony & satire & sarcasm
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Irony = ‘AHY-ruh-nee’ or ‘AHY-er-nee’
ออกเสียง satire = ‘SAT-ahyuhr’
ออกเสียง sarcasm = ‘SAHR-kaz-uhm’
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Irony & satire & sarcasm
Each of these words indicates ridicule, contempt,
or mockery of someone or something.
Irony is a figure of speech in which
the literal (exact, denotative) meaning of a word
or statement is the opposite of that intended.
Cicero defined Irony as
“the saying of one thing and meaning another.”
A person uses Irony when, on a miserable day,
he says “Nice day today, isn’t it?”
Considered the most ironic writing in all literature
is Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal,
in which the author “recommends” that
the Irish sell their babies to English landlords for food.
Satire is the ridiculing of stupidity, vice, or folly:
it often employs irony and sarcasm
to denounce the frailties and faults of mankind.
Satire blends wit and humor with a critical attitude
towards human activities and institutions.
An attack on man’s overconsumption of electricity
and fuel would be a satire (satirical treatment)
of man’s folly in exhausting his supplies of energy.
Sarcasm is a form of irony
that consists of bitter and often cruel derision.
Sarcasm is always personal, always jeering,
and always intended to wound”
“What a great friend you turn out to be!”
“You couldn’t tell the truth to save your life!”
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
satire
= the use of ridicule, irony, sarcasm, etc.,
to expose folly or vice or to lampoon someone;
burlesque, caricature, parody
Not to be confused with:
satyr = one of a class of Greek woodland gods
with a goat’s or horse’s ears and tail and budding horns;
a lustful or sensual man; lecher
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary,
SYNONYM STUDY FOR IRONY
indicate mockery of a person or thing.
irony is exhibited in the organization
or structure of either language or literary material.
It indirectly presents a contradiction between an action or expression and the context in which it occurs.
One thing is said and its opposite implied,
as in “Beautiful weather, isn't it?” said when it is raining.
Ironic literature exploits the contrast
between an ideal and an actual condition,
as when events turn out contrary to expectations.
satire, also a literary and rhetorical form,
is the use of ridicule in exposing human vice and folly.
Jonathan Swift wrote social and political satires.
sarcasm is a harsh and cutting type of humor.
Its distinctive quality is present in the spoken word;
it is manifested chiefly by vocal inflection.
Sarcastic language may have the form of irony,
as in “What a fine musician you turned out to be!”,
or it may be a direct statement,
as in “You couldn't play one piece correctly if you had two assistants!”
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR SATIRE
Satire, lampoon refer to
literary forms in which vices or follies are ridiculed.
Satire, the general term, often emphasizes
the weakness more than the weak person,
and usually implies moral judgment and corrective purpose:
Swift's satire of human pettiness and bestiality.
Lampoon refers to a form of satire, often political or personal, characterized by the malice or virulence of its attack:
lampoons of the leading political figures.
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR IRONY
Irony, sarcasm, satire
indicate mockery of something or someone.
The essential feature of irony is the indirect presentation
of a contradiction between an action or expression
and the context in which it occurs.
In the figure of speech,
emphasis is placed on the opposition
between the literal and intended meaning of a statement;
one thing is said and its opposite implied,
as in the comment, “Beautiful weather, isn't it?”
made when it is raining or nasty.
Ironic literature exploits, in addition to the rhetorical figure,
such devices as character development, situation, and plot
to stress the paradoxical nature of reality
or the contrast between an ideal and actual condition,
set of circumstances, etc.,
frequently in such a way as to stress
the absurdity present in the contradiction
between substance and form.
Irony differs from sarcasm in greater subtlety and wit.
In sarcasm ridicule or mockery
is used harshly, often crudely and contemptuously,
for destructive purposes.
it may be used in an indirect manner,
and have the form of irony,
as in “What a fine musician you turned out to be!”
or it may be used in the form of a direct statement,
“You couldn't play one piece correctly if you had two assistants.”
The distinctive quality of sarcasm is present
in the spoken word and manifested chiefly by vocal inflection,
whereas satire and irony, arising originally
as literary and rhetorical forms, are exhibited in the organization or structuring of either language or literary material.
Satire usually implies the use of irony or sarcasm
for censorious or critical purposes and
is often directed at public figures
or institutions, conventional behavior, political situations, etc.
Dictionary.com
Is Ironic The Most Abused Word In English?
Often the word ironic is misused
to remark on a coincidence,
such as
This is the third time today we’ve run into each other. How ironic.
It is also mistakenly used to describe
something out of the ordinary or unusual:
Yesterday was a beautiful, warm day in November.
It was really ironic.
And, unfortunately, it is sometimes
used to simply emphasize something interesting.
For example, Ironically, it was the best movie I’ve seen all year!
We submit that ironic might be
the most abused word in the English language.
What about the song?
Even Alanis Morissette was called out for
being too loose with the word in her 1995 hit “Ironic.”
The critics were so sharp that Morissette
was forced to explain that
she wasn’t trying to make every lyric in the song
“technically ironic.”
So, what does the word really mean?
And how do you make a proper ironic statement?
An ironic remark conveys a meaning that is
the opposite of its literal meaning.
So, in an ironic statement
one thing is said, while another thing is meant.
For example,
if you were trying to be ironic on a stormy, dreary day,
you might say, “What glorious weather!”
Or if you were suffering from a bad cold,
you might ironically say,
“I feel like a million bucks.”
These are both examples of verbal irony,
the most common occurrence of the figure of speech.
Irony vs. sarcasm
Irony is often confused with sarcasm.
While the two are similar,
in sarcasm there is a stronger intent to ridicule or mock,
often harshly or crudely.
Dramatic irony is inherent in speeches or a situation
of a drama and is understood by the audience
but not grasped by the characters in the play.
Situational irony is an outcome
that turns out to be very different from what was expected.
This third type is the most prone to ambiguity
and personal interpretation,
setting up the potential for misunderstanding and misuse.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for irony
WIT, HUMOR, IRONY, SARCASM, SATIRE, REPARTEE
mean a mode of expression intended to arouse amusement.
WIT suggests the power to evoke laughter
by remarks showing verbal felicity or ingenuity
and swift perception
especially of the incongruous.
a playful wit
HUMOR implies an ability to perceive
the ludicrous, the comical, and the absurd in human life
and to express these usually without bitterness.
a sense of humor
IRONY applies to a manner of expression
in which the intended meaning is the opposite
of what is seemingly expressed.
the irony of the title
SARCASM applies to expression frequently
in the form of irony that is intended to cut or wound.
given to heartless sarcasm
SATIRE applies to writing that
exposes or ridicules conduct, doctrines, or institutions
either by direct criticism or
more often through irony, parody, or caricature.
a satire on the Congress
REPARTEE implies the power of answering
quickly, pointedly, or wittily.
a dinner guest noted for repartee
What's irony?
Considerable thought is given to
what events constitute “true” irony,
and the dictionary is often called upon to supply an answer.
Here are the facts about
how the word irony is used.
Irony has two formal uses
that are not as common in general prose
as its more casual uses.
One refers to Socratic irony
—a method of revealing
an opponent’s ignorance
by pretending to be ignorant yourself
and asking probing questions.
The other refers to dramatic irony or tragic irony
—an incongruity between the situation in a drama
and the words used by the characters
that only the audience can see.
Socratic irony is a tool used in debating;
dramatic irony is what happens
when the audience realizes
that Romeo and Juliet’s plans will go awry.
The third, and debated, use of irony
regards what’s called situational irony.
Situational irony involves
a striking reversal of what is expected or intended:
a person sidesteps a pothole to avoid injury
and in doing so steps into another pothole
and injures themselves.
Critics claim the words irony and ironic
as they are used in cases lacking a striking reversal,
such as
“Isn’t it ironic that you called just as I was planning to call you?,”
are more properly called coincidence.
The historical record shows that irony and ironic
have been used imprecisely for almost 100 years at least,
and often to refer to coincidence.
This 1939 quote from F. Scott Fitzgerald is typical:
"It is an ironic thought that the last picture job I took
—against my better judgment
—yielded me five thousand dollars five hundred and cost over four thousand in medical attention."
Is this true situational irony? It’s debatable.
The word irony has come to be
applied to events that are merely curious or coincidental,
and while some feel this is an incorrect use of the word,
it is merely a new one.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for satire
WIT, HUMOR, IRONY, SARCASM, SATIRE, REPARTEE
mean a mode of expression intended to arouse amusement.
WIT suggests the power to evoke laughter
by remarks showing verbal felicity or ingenuity
and swift perception especially of the incongruous.
a playful wit
HUMOR implies an ability to perceive the ludicrous,
the comical, and the absurd in human life
and to express these usually without bitterness.
a sense of humor
IRONY applies to a manner of expression
in which the intended meaning is
the opposite of what is seemingly expressed.
the irony of the title
SARCASM applies to expression frequently
in the form of irony that is intended to cut or wound.
given to heartless sarcasm
SATIRE applies to writing that exposes or
ridicules conduct, doctrines, or institutions
either by direct criticism
or more often through irony, parody, or caricature.
a satire on the Congress
REPARTEE implies the power of answering quickly,
pointedly, or wittily.
a dinner guest noted for repartee
The Culinary Roots of Satire
Satire came into English at the beginning of the 16th century,
and the meaning of the word
has not strayed very far from its original sense.
The initial uses were primarily applied to poems,
and the term now has a broader applicability.
Satire has a semantic and etymological overlap
Farce ("a light dramatic composition
marked by broadly satirical comedy and improbable plot")
came into English as a synonym for forcemeat,
meaning "finely chopped and highly seasoned meat or fish
that is either served alone or used as a stuffing."
Lampoon ("a harsh satire usually
directed against an individual")
is thought to come from the French lampons!,
meaning "let us guzzle!"
And satire is believed to trace back to the Latin satur,
meaning "well-fed."
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Trend Watch
Irony
After a widely read essay offered ways to "live without irony" ...
When:
Lookups peaked on November 19, 2012.
Why:
an essay in the New York Times,
generated a lot of discussion online and offline.
Whether or not readers agreed with the critique
("If irony is the ethos of our age – and it is
– then the hipster is our archetype of ironic living")
many people went to the dictionary
to explore the meaning of a notoriously slippery word.
Irony means "the use of words to express something
other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning."
This definition is now often broadened beyond just words;
an example given in the article
is that of a young adult man wearing a Justin Bieber T-shirt next to a young teenage girl wearing the same T-shirt.
Irony comes from the Greek word that means
"one who hides under a false appearance."
It's also likely that many people look up the word irony
because the word ironic is often used
to mean surprising or coincidental.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Irony
Definition:
: the use of words to express something other than
and especially the opposite of the literal meaning
Example:
"It is the oldest ironies that are still the most satisfying:
man, when preparing for bloody war,
will orate loudly and most eloquently in the name of peace."
― Alan Moore, Watchmen, published as a collection in 1987
About the Word:
Students study various forms of irony,
ranging from dramatic irony to verbal irony.
The word irony itself traces back to
the Greek character Eiron, a comic underdog
whose wit enabled him to triumph over the boastful Alazon.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Satire means “humor that shows the weaknesses
or bad qualities of a person, government, society, etc.”
The word’s origin is uncertain,
but one theory holds that
it comes from the same root as saturate and satisfy,
going back to the name of a Roman salad
composed of different ingredients,
a term that was then used for writing intended to mock
and criticize that mixed quotations and genres.
Sarcasm
Definition: A sharp and often satirical
or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain
When it trended: August 12, 2016
both shot to the top of our look-ups on August 12th
as Donald Trump sought to explicate his claim that
President Obama founded ISIS
(President Obama did not found ISIS):
Donald Trump Explains His Obama-Founded-ISIS Claim as ‘Sarcasm’
—The New York Times, 12 Aug. 2016
In reversal, Trump says IS claim about Obama was sarcastic
—The Washington Post, 12 Aug. 2016
Both words may be traced to the Greek word sarkázein,
which means "to jeer at while biting the lips."
Of the two, sarcasm is the older word, with use dating back to 1550.
Sarcasm means "a sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cut or give pain"
or "a mode of satirical wit depending for its effect
on bitter, caustic, and often ironic language
that is usually directed against an individual."
And if you were hoping that
there is a word for a sarcastic person,
you’re in luck: it’s sarcast.
Dictionary.com
BEHIND THE WORD
Where does the word sarcasm come from?
On the hit TV show Friends,
the character Chandler Bing can never help himself
from being sarcastic.
But, maybe he would think twice
if he knew the origins of the word sarcasm.
Sarcasm is defined as a “sneering or cutting remark.”
Fittingly, the word sarcasm comes from the ancient Greek word sarkázein,
which meant “to tear flesh.”
That verb became a metaphor for “speaking bitterly.”
While we always hear that
sticks and stones can’t break our bones,
even the ancient Greeks recognized
that sarcasm feels like someone is digging into you.
The roots of these other words may get a rise
—of laughter or surprise—out of you.
Run on over to our roundup of them
at “Weird Word Origins That Will Make Your Family Laugh.”
Dictionary.com
Did you know … ?
Many other words derive from the same Greek root as sarcasm, including sarcophagus,
a word which literally means “flesh-eating.”
Discover the grisly reasons
why at our Words That Use sarco- article
Generally speaking, sarcasm
is a form of verbal irony,
in which a person says or writes one thing and means another,
or uses words to convey a meaning
that is the opposite of the literal meaning.
For this reason,
many people sometimes take sarcastic comments at face value.
This is especially true online,
where it’s harder to convey tone and intention
—despite all our emoji and emoticons.
Due to the limitations of digital communication,
some people will often end a sarcastic remark
with “/sarcasm” or “/s” so they don’t get misinterpreted.
Sarcasm is commonly used in many kinds of humor,
from self-deprecation to satire.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Frequently Asked Questions About sarcasm
Is sarcasm the same as irony?
Sarcasm refers to the use of words
that mean the opposite of what you really want to say,
especially in order to insult someone,
or to show irritation, or just to be funny.
For example,
saying "they're really on top of things"
to describe a group of people who are very disorganized
is using sarcasm.
Most often, sarcasm is biting, and intended to cause pain.
Irony can also refer to the use of words that mean
the opposite of what you really want to say;
the "they're really on top of things" statement
about the very disorganized group of people
can also be described as an ironic statement.
But irony can also refer to a situation that is strange or funny because things happen in a way that seems to be
the opposite of what you expected;
for example, it is ironic
if someone who was raised by professional musicians
but who wanted a very different kind of life
then fell in love with and married a professional musician.
What is the plural of sarcasm?
Sarcasm is what we refer to as a noncount noun
("a noun that denotes a homogeneous substance
or a concept without subdivisions and that in English
is preceded in indefinite singular constructions
by some rather than a or an"), and has no plural form.
What are some synonyms for sarcasm?
Sarcasm shares some semantic territory
with a number of other English words,
including wit, repartee, and humor.
While most of these are in some way
concerned with inducing laughter,
sarcasm stands alone in denoting caustic language
that is designed to cut or give pain.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
History and Etymology for sarcasm
Earlier sarcasmus, borrowed from Middle French or
Late Latin; Middle French sarcasme,
borrowed from Late Latin sarcasmos "mockery,"
borrowed from Late Greek sarkasmós,
from Greek sark ázein "to jeer at while biting the lips"
(in GALEN; perhaps, if the original sense
was "to bite or strip off flesh,"
derivative of sark-, sárx "flesh") + -smos, suffix of verbal action
— more at SARCO-
NOTE:
The original sense of the Greek verb sarkázein
is conjectural, as all instances referring
to jeering or mockery come from late
or post-classical sources, generally lexica.
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