2023-04-21 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด I – Indian & Native American & American Indian

Revision I

การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้อง ในที่นี้ เป็นไป ตามมาตรฐาน ของภาษา 

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ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค

Dictionary.com

ออกเสียง Indian = ‘IN-dee-uhn’

ออกเสียง Native American = ‘NEY-tiv’

 

Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary

Indian & Native American

Although academics have long promoted “Native American” 

as a more accurate label than “Indian,” 

most of the people so labeled 

continue to refer to themselves as “Indians” 

and prefer that term. 

 

In Canada, there is a move to refer to descendants 

of the original inhabitants as “First Peoples,” 

but so far that has not spread to the U.S.. 

 

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

American India noun

plural American Indians

: a member of any of the Indigenous peoples 

of the western hemisphere except often certain peoples 

(such as the Yupik and Inuit) who live in arctic regions

 

especially : an American Indian of North America 

and especially the U.S. compare NATIVE AMERICAN

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language

Native American adj.

Usage Note: 

Native American is now fully established in American English 

as an equivalent of Indian, 

being acceptable in all contemporary contexts 

and preferred in many. 

It is especially appropriate as a term of respect 

used by outsiders, who may have concerns that 

Indian could cause offense by its association with 

longstanding cultural stereotypes. 

 

Native American is the clear choice in many formal contexts, 

not only because it indicates respect but, more pragmatically,

because it avoids any ambiguity between 

indigenous American peoples and the inhabitants of India. 

 

But despite its wide acceptance, 

Native American has not displaced Indian 

to any significant degree outside of formal contexts, 

and it is now common to find the two terms 

used interchangeably in the same piece of writing. 

 

Furthermore, the issue of which term to use 

has never been particularly divisive 

between Indians and non-Indians. 

 

While generally welcoming the respectful tone 

of Native American, most Indian writers 

have continued to use Indian at least as often. 

Native American and Indian are not exact equivalents 

when referring to the indigenous peoples of Canada and Alaska. 

 

Native American, the broader term, 

is properly used of all such peoples, 

whereas Indian is customarily used of the northern 

Athabaskan and Algonquian peoples 

in contrast to the Inuit and the Yupik. 

 

Alaska Native (or less commonly Native Alaskan) 

is also properly used of all indigenous peoples residing in Alaska. 

See Usage Notes at American Indian, First Nation, Indian.

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language

American Indian adj.

Usage Note: In principle, 

American Indian can apply to 

all native peoples throughout the Americas 

except the Eskimo, Aleut, and Inuit, 

but in practice 

it is generally restricted to 

the peoples of the United States and Canada. 

 

For native peoples in the rest of the hemisphere, 

usage generally favors Indian by itself or, 

less frequently, the contractions Amerindian or Amerind. 

See Usage Notes at First Nation, Indian, Native American.

Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary

Indian

usage: 

In modern times the term Indian may refer to 

a member of an aboriginal American people, 

to an inhabitant of the subcontinent of India, 

or to a citizen of the Republic of India. 

 

In the 18th century the term American Indian 

came to be used for the aboriginal inhabitants 

of the U.S. and Canada; 

it now includes 

the aboriginal peoples of South America as well.

 

Amerindian and Amerind developed in the next century 

in a further attempt to reduce ambiguity. 

The most recent designation, esp. 

in North America, is Native American. 

American Indians themselves tend to use the terms 

Indian, American Indian, or a specific tribal name. 

They sometimes refer to themselves collectively 

as Indian Peoples. 

Whether one term will gain ascendancy over the others 

remains to be seen.

 

The only pre-European inhabitants of North America 

to whom Indian or terms using the word Indian usu. 

are not applied are the Eskimos and Aleuts. 

See also Eskimo.

 

Dictionary.com

USAGE NOTE FOR Native

When used to mean 

"an original inhabitant of a place or country," 

the noun native may be taken as offensive 

and has declined in use. 

 

Historically it is associated with colonialist attitudes: 

Indigenous people, especially when nonwhite, 

were typically considered to be primitive or culturally inferior.

Native also falls into a category of identity words 

that are common as adjectives 

(a marketplace for Native artists; 

a Native politician sought the nomination) 

and sometimes used as plural nouns 

(only Natives who reside on the reservation 

can vote in the Tribal election). 

However, these identity words are very rare 

and often sound offensive when used as singular nouns 

(voters elected a Native). 

In most cases, the adjective is preferred 

(voters elected a Native council-member ). 

 

Dictionary.com

USAGE NOTE FOR Indian

Because Christopher Columbus mistakenly believed 

that the Caribbean island on which he had landed 

was the subcontinent of India, he called the inhabitants Indians. 

Eventually, that name was applied to almost all 

the Indigenous, non-European 

inhabitants of North and South America. 

In modern times Indian may refer to 

an inhabitant of the subcontinent of India 

or of the East Indies, to a citizen of the Republic of India, 

or to a member of an aboriginal American people.

In the 18th century the term American Indian 

came to be used for the aboriginal inhabitants 

of the United States and Canada; 

it now includes the aboriginal peoples of South America as well. (When necessary, further distinctions are made with such terms as North American Indian and South American Indian. ) 

The terms Amerindian and Amerind subsequently 

developed in the attempt to reduce ambiguity. 

For some, especially among North American Indians, 

the preferred designation is Native American. 

All these terms appear in edited writing. 

Whether one or several will gain 

ascendancy over the others remains to be seen.
 

The only pre-European inhabitants of North America 

to whom Indian or other terms using the word Indian 

are not applied are the Eskimos or Inuit.

 

See Eskimo. See also honest Injun, Indian giver.