2022-11-01 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด H – Hyphenation
2022-11-01
151226-3 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด H – Hyphenation
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้อง ในที่นี้ เป็นไป ตามมาตรฐาน ของภาษา
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Hyphenate
= verb= ‘HAHY-fuh-neyt’
– adj.& noun = ‘HAHY-fuh-nit’
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary
hyphenate
The Chicago Manual of Style
contains a huge chart listing various sorts of phrases
that are or are not to be hyphenated.
Consult such a reference source
for a thorough-going account of this matter,
but you may be able to get by with a few basic rules.
An adverb/adjective combination
in which the adverb ends in “-LY” is never hyphenated:
“His necktie reflected his generally grotesque taste.”
Other sorts of adverbs are followed by a hyphen
when combined with an adjective:
“His longsuffering wife finally snapped and fed it through the office shredder.”
The point here is that “long” modifies “suffering,” not “wife.”
When both words modify the same noun,
they are not hyphenated.
A “light-green suitcase” is pale in color,
but a “light green suitcase” is not heavy.
In the latter example “light” and “green”
both modify “suitcase,” so no hyphen is used.
Adjectives combined with nouns
having an “-ED” suffix are hyphenated:
“Frank was a hot-headed cop.”
Hyphenate ages
when they are adjective phrases involving a unit of measurement:
“Her ten-year-old car is beginning to give her trouble.”
A girl can be a “ten-year-old” (“child” is implied).
But there are no hyphens in such an adjectival phrase
as “Her car is ten years old.”
In fact, hyphens are generally omitted
when such phrases follow the noun they modify
except in phrases involving “all” or “self”
such as “all-knowing” or “self-confident.”
Fractions are almost always hyphenated
when they are adjectives:
“He is one-quarter Irish and three-quarters Nigerian.”
But when the numerator is already hyphenated,
the fraction itself is not,
as in “ninety-nine and forty-four one hundredths.”
Fractions treated as nouns are not hyphenated:
“He ate one quarter of the turkey."
A phrase composed of a noun and a present participle
(“-ing” word) must be hyphenated:
“The antenna had been climbed by thrill-seeking teenagers who didn’t realize the top of it was electrified.”
These are the main cases
in which people are prone to misuse hyphens.
If you can master them,
you will have eliminated
the vast majority of such mistakes in your writing.
Some styles call for space around dashes
(a practice of which I strongly disapprove),
but it is never proper to surround hyphens with spaces,
though in the following sort of pattern
you may need to follow a hyphen with a space:
“Follow standard pre- and post-operative procedures.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Hyphenate
Did You Know?
Noun
In the early 20th century,
the noun hyphenate
referred to a resident or citizen of the U.S.
whose recent foreign national origin
caused others to question his or her patriotic loyalties
- with or without there being just cause for that questioning.
These hyphenates
- the Irish-Americans, German-Americans, and others
- were objects of suspicion.
The hyphenates we're highlighting
today are more often objects of admiration.
Since around 1974,
we've been referring to people with hyphens in their titles
- producer-directors, for example, as hyphenates.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Hyphenate
Commonly confused
In Person vs. In-Person
What to Know
In person means “in one’s bodily presence”
as in ‘He met his boss in person a few weeks after the phone interview.’
In-person describes something done by (or with)
a person who is physically present
as in ‘She conducted several in-person interviews for the job.’
In Person
In person is an adverb that means
“in one’s bodily presence.”
Remember that adverbs usually modify verbs,
so if you are describing
how something was or will be done you want in person.
He seemed shorter in person.
She doesn’t know when she’ll be able to talk to her best friend in person again.
They were required to apply in person for the license.
They held class in person for the first time in months.
He was awestruck meeting his hero in person.
In-Person
In-person is an adjective
that describes something done by
or with a person who is physically present.
Remember that adjectives modify nouns,
so if you are describing the quality of a noun
(such as a class, interview, or visit) you want in-person.
They had an in-person interview.
In-person classes were canceled for the rest of the semester.
The online game company will be hosting an in-person event next month.
Some doctors are now offering virtual visits as an alternative to in-person visits.
They tallied the in-person votes and then the mail-in votes.
What to remember:
Use in person as an adverb
(modifying a verb, adjective, or adverb)
and in-person as an adjective
(modifying a noun).
You can use both in the same sentence,
if it will help you to remember
how to keep them separate
(although it will probably not be a very elegant sentence):
'You'll need to come in person to collect your hyphen
at the in-person workshop on "How to properly use hyphens."'
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Hyphenate
Usage Notes
Should that word have a hyphen?
On open, closed, and hyphenated compounds
What to Know
The forms of compounds
(two words used together) in English are not fixed.
Some terms have moved
from being open compounds (base ball)
to hyphenated (base-ball)
to closed (baseball),
a pattern that reflects familiarity and frequency of usage.
Hyphens are often used
when a compound modifies a noun
(“sun-bleached curtains,”
“fire-roasted tomatoes”)
but not when -ly adverbs are used (“lightly salted peanuts”).
Among the correspondence we receive at Merriam-Webster,
a significant amount of it comes from people
asking how to style a particular compound word.
Should it be two words? One word?
Should a hyphen be inserted between the two components?
Open, Hyphenated, and Closed Compounds
For much of the dictionary’s history,
a compound word was shown in only one form
—closed, hyphenated, or open
—even if there were examples of two or,
sometimes, all three forms in use.
This practice was necessitated by the limitations of page space:
it simply wasn’t practical to show
all of the possible permutations of a compound word
at the expense of other information in a print dictionary entry.
You saw only one styling
—the one that occurred most frequently
within a sample of evidence.
If that evidence changed, then the headword was revised.
Even in the digital age, this is true for many entries.
The term tongue twister, for example,
is shown as an open (two-word) compound,
even though there is plenty of evidence
for tongue-twister in the wild.
The same is true for terms like vice president and tape measure.
Absence of a particular compound style in the dictionary
doesn't mean it's not in use;
it only means it's much less common.
Historically, a lot of compounds
follow the pattern of entering English as open compounds,
then gradually take on hyphenation
and eventually a closed form as they become more familiar.
There was a time, after all,
when baseball was spelled as base ball.
As the sport took hold in the American consciousness,
it gradually began to be spelled with a hyphen (base-ball),
but now any form other than
the solid compound baseball looks like an affectation.
Similarly, lifestyle, boilerplate, doorbell,
screwdriver, tailwind, rowboat, and postcard
all had eras when they were encountered more commonly
as open or hyphenated compounds.
Now we almost invariably see them closed,
and that’s the only styling they are shown with in the dictionary.
Even words that might seem comparable
can show disparate forms.
You are likely, for example,
to spell shoelace, postcard, rattlesnake, and doorknob
as closed compounds,
but you’re also likely to find
shoe tree, post office, garter snake, and door handle as open.
You’re more apt to find a hyphen in double-header
or double-decker than in double play.
And front yard and front seat tend to appear as two words,
but backyard and backseat as one.
What all of this means is that
there is a great deal of fluidity
when it comes to the styling of compounds
and whether a particular compound
is open, hyphenated, or closed.
So much fluidity, in fact,
that the dictionary cannot always provide
a cut-and-dried answer, as much as it tries.
But do not despair:
there are a smattering of guidelines
that are for the most part consistent and that can help you.
(Loose) Guidelines
For example,
when a compound that is usually left open
is used to modify another noun,
that compound will usually take a hyphen.
So you can speak of a person
who loves science fiction going to a science-fiction convention.
Same with a video-game collector, a food-truck business,
a pet-store employee, or even adjectives made from phrases,
like made-for-TV movie or over-the-counter medication.
(Even in these instances,
the hyphen is sometimes dropped for very common terms
that aren’t likely to be misunderstood,
like real estate agent or health care legislation).
Hyphens also work well with compound adjectives
that end in a participle:
a funny-looking badger,
a sun-bleached roof,
fire-roasted tomatoes,
a money-grubbing thief.
Hyphens tend not be used for adjectives
that are modified by adverbs,
even when they come before nouns:
lightly salted peanuts,
distantly related cousins,
a poorly written sentence.
For most other instances,
the best strategy may be to trust
what you think looks right.
Some writers are more comfortable
lumping together compounds than others.
Some think a hyphen is visually messy.
Note, though,
that whether or not
you choose to style a compound
as one word or two might convey something
about your familiarity with the word (or lack thereof).
One dictionary that shall not be named
was a bit notorious for showing the headword Web site
long after most of the civilized world was using website.
They wised up, eventually.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Words at play
A Comprehensive Guide to Forming Compounds
We tried to compound this, but it didn't work out.
The Compound
A compound is a word or word group
that consists of two or more parts that work together
as a unit to express a specific concept.
Examples are
double-check,
cost-effective,
around-the-clock,
hand-to-hand,
forward-thinking, eyeliner, and iced tea.
They might also be formed from prefixes or suffixes,
as in
ex-president, supermicro, presorted, shirtless, or unforgivable.
Basically, compounds are written in one of three ways:
solid (teapot),
hyphenated (player-manager),
or open
(which ranges from phrases
such as off and on or little by little to combinations
like washing machine—have a field day finding more).
Because of the variety in formation,
the choice among the styles
for a given compound represents
one of the most vexing of all style issues writers
—and lexicographers—encounter.
For some terms,
it is often acceptable to choose freely among
open, hyphenated, and solid alternatives,
even though the term has been used in English
for an extended period
(for instance, lifestyle, life–style, or life style).
Although the styling that ultimately takes hold
for a compound may be determined
by nothing more than editorial and writerly preference,
there are patterns of new compounds
as they become established in the English language.
Compound nouns, for instance,
are usually written as one word;
compound verbs are generally written as two;
compound adjectives are often written with a hyphen.
But note that we added
"usually,"
"generally," and
"often"—we're hedging.
(Be advised that we'll be using noncommittal terms throughout, and, essentially, that's the point of the following articles:
there aren't fast rules to forming compounds,
but there are patterns.)
The Unit Modifier
Compound adjectives are combinations of words
that work together to modify a noun
—technically, they work as unit modifiers.
As unit modifiers,
they are distinguished from other strings of adjectives
that may also precede a noun.
For instance,
in the constructions
"a low, level tract of land" or
"that long, lonesome highway,"
the two adjectives each modify the noun separately.
We are talking about a tract of land
that is both low and level and
about a highway that is both long and lonesome.
These are regarded as coordinate modifiers.
In the examples
"a low monthly fee" and
"a wrinkled red shirt,"
the first adjective modifies the noun plus the second adjective.
In other words,
we mean that the monthly fee is low and the red shirt is wrinkled.
These are noncoordinate modifiers.
In the example "low-level radiation,"
we do not mean radiation that is low and level
or level radiation that is low;
we mean radiation that is at a low level.
Both words are working as a unit to modify the noun
—thus, they are unit modifiers.
Unit modifiers are mostly hyphenated.
Hyphens not only make it easier for readers
to grasp the relationship of the words
but also aid in avoiding confusion.
For example,
the hyphen in "a call for a more-specialized curriculum"
removes any ambiguity as to which the word more modifies,
and the hyphen in re-sign distinguishes it from resign.
Other examples are
co-ed and coed,
shell-like and shelllike,
over-react and overreact,
co-worker and coworker,
which have either
consecutive vowels,
doubled consonants, or
simply an odd combination of letters
and which the inclusion of a hyphen aids in their readability.
The Particle + Noun Compound
Preposition/adverb (particles) + noun compounds
are styled solid,
especially when they are short
and the first syllable is accented followed by
a syllable with falling stress
(as in afterthought, crossbones, download, offhand, upstairs, outfield, onstage, overseas, underhand).
There are also hyphenated particle compounds,
like in-house, off-the-cuff, off-line (or offline),
and on-line (or online).
The styling of Internet
(internet related compounds
(e-mail/email, website/web site)
remains in flux,
with the same compound styled different ways
in different publications.
We continue to be eagle-eyed lexicographers
in our Western Massachusetts-based aerie.
Prefixed, Suffixed, and Combining Form Compounds
Compounds—new, permanent, and temporary
—are formed by adding word elements
to existing words or by combining word elements.
In English, there are three basic word elements:
the prefix (such as anti-, non-, pre-, post-, re-, super-),
the suffix (as -er, -ism, -ist, -less, -ful, -ness),
and the combining form (mini-, macro-, psuedo-, -graphy, -logy).
Prefixes and suffixes are usually attached to existing words; combining forms are usually
combined to form new words (photomicrograph).
For the most part,
compounds formed from a prefix and a word
are usually written solid (superhero).
However, if the prefix ends with a vowel
and the word it is attached to begins with a vowel,
the compound is usually hyphenated
(de-escalate, co-organizer, pre-engineered).
But there are exceptions: reelection, cooperate, for example.
In addition,
usage calls for hyphenation between a prefix
and a capitalized word or number
(post-Colonial, pre-19th century).
A prefixed compound
that would be identical with another word,
if written solid,
is usually hyphenated to prevent misreading
(re-creation, co-op, multi-ply).
Prefixed compounds that might otherwise
be solid are often hyphenated
in order to clarify their formation,
meaning, or pronunciation (non-news, de-iced, tri-city).
Also, such compounds formed from
combining forms like Anglo-, Judeo-, or Sino- are hyphenated
when the second element
is an independent word and solid
when it is a combining form
(Judeo-Christian, Sino-Japanese, Anglophile).
Some prefixes, and initial combining forms,
have related independent adjectives
or adverbs that may be used
where the prefix might be expected.
A temporary compound with quasi(-) or pseudo(-),
therefore, might be written open as modifier + noun
or hyphenated as combining form + noun.
Thus, the writer must decide
which style to follow
(quasi intellectual or quasi-intellectual;
pseudo liberal or pseudo-liberal).
Compounds formed by adding a suffix
to a word are usually written solid (yellowish, characterless),
except those having a base word
that has a suffix beginning with the same letter
or is a proper name (jewel-like, American-ness).
Then, there are unique formations
such as president-elect and heir apparent.
Additionally, when a word is used as
a modifier of a proper name,
it is usually attached by a hyphen
("a Los Angeles-based company,"
"a Pulitzer Prize-winning author").
Permanent and Temporary Compounds
Most two-word permanent
and temporary compounds (unit modifiers)
are hyphenated when placed before a noun
("one-way street,"
"a risk-free investment,"
"East-West trade agreements,"
"blue-gray/bluish-gray paint")
but are often open when following a noun
("The author is well known").
Permanent compounds
are those that are so commonly used
that they have become—need we say
—permanent parts of the language.
Temporary compounds are created
to meet a writer's need at a particular moment,
and they are often formed of an adverb
(such as well, more, less, still)
followed by a participle,
and hyphenated when placed before a noun
("a still-growing company,"
"a more-specialized operating system,"
"a now-vulnerable opponent").
Temporary compounds,
often formed from an adverb ending in the suffix -ly
followed by a participle,
may sometimes be hyphenated
but may also be open
because adverb + adjective + noun is a normal word order
("an internationally-known artist," "a beautifully illustrated book").
Temporary adjectival compounds
may also be formed by using a compound noun.
If the compound noun is an open compound,
it is usually hyphenated
so that the relationship of the words
to form an adjective is immediately apparent to the reader
("a tax-law case,"
"a minor-league pitcher,"
"problem-solving abilities").
If readily recognizable, the units may occur without a hyphen
("a high school diploma" or "a high-school diploma";
"an income tax refund" or "an income-tax refund").
Also, if the words that make up a compound adjective
follow the noun they modify,
they fall in normal word order and are, therefore,
no longer considered unit modifiers that require hyphenation
("The decisions were made on the spur of the moment";
"They were ill prepared for the journey";
"The comments were made off the record";
"I prefer the paint that is blue gray").
Open or Close the Compound?
When a noun + noun compound is short,
and established in the English language
and pronounced with equal stress on both nouns,
the styling is likely to be open (bean sprouts, fuel cell, fire drill).
Many short noun + noun compounds, however,
that begin as temporary open ones
and have the first word accented tend to become solid
(database, football, paycheck, hairbrush);
this is also the case for some adjectives
(shortcut, drywall—but then there's red tape and red-hot).
There are also compounds formed from a verb
followed by a noun that is its object,
and they tend to be styled as solid (carryall, pickpocket).
Vice versa, there are noun compounds
consisting of a verb form preceded by a noun
that is its object (fish fry, eye-opener, roadblock),
and adjective + noun compounds
that are written open (genetic code, minor league).
Writers also use a hyphen
to make the "unit" relationships of nouns immediately apparent (English-speakers, Spanish-speaking students, fund-raiser, gene-splicing),
but compounds
in which a noun is the object of a following verb-derived word
tend to be written open (problem solver, air conditioning).
Finally, when the nouns
in a noun + noun compound
describe a double title or function,
the compound is hyphenated
(city-state, secretary-treasurer, hunter-gatherer, bar-restaurant).
And compounds formed from a noun or adjective
followed by man, woman, person, or people,
as well as denoting an occupation,
are regularly solid (congresswoman, salespeople).
We're pretty sure about those guidelines.
The Verb + Adverb Compound
These compounds may be hyphenated or solid.
The compounds with two-letter particles
(such as by, to, in, up, on) are most frequently hyphenated
since the hyphen aids in quick comprehension
(lean-to, trade-in, add-on, start-up).
Compounds with three-letter particles
(off, out, through) are hyphenated or solid
with about equal frequency
(spin-off, payoff, time-out, follow-through, giveaway).
And then there are
the verb + -er + particle compounds
and verb + -ing + particle compounds.
Except for established words like passerby,
these compounds are hyphenated
(hanger-on, runner-up, listener-in, falling-out, goings-on, talking-to).
There are also the two-word established forms
consisting of a verb followed by an adverb or a preposition,
which is styled open: set to, strike out.
Then we have words composed of a particle
followed by a verb that are usually styled solid (upgrade, bypass).
The Compound Noun Turned Verb
The verb form of a compound noun
(whether open or hyphenated)
most often is spelled with a hyphen
(field-test, water-ski, rubber-stamp),
whereas a verb derived from a solid noun
is written solid (mastermind, brainstorm, sideline).
That one's simple enough. Phew.
To Hyphenate or not to Hyphenate?
That is the question, especially when it comes down to
and adjective compounds.
And the stickler's answer is to hyphenate
when the modifier is before the word it modifies
and to write the compound in open form when it follows it
(since there is little or no risk of ambiguity).
For example,
a journalist might publish a word-for-word quotation
or a person might be quoted word for word by the journalist,
or a writer might be told that what is said is off the record,
and any off-the-record information is to remain confidential.
However, usage evidence shows that
this formula is not closely followed:
a team could play back-to-back games
or play two games back-to-back;
a boss and employee might have
a face-to-face discussion
or talk face-to-face;
a candidate's position might be middle-of-the-road;
a child could be accident-prone
like his or her accident-prone parent.
The point is:
many permanent and temporary compounds
keep their hyphens after the noun in a sentence
if they continue to function as unit modifiers.
But compound adjectives
composed of foreign words
are not hyphenated when placed before a noun
unless they are always hyphenated
("per diem expenses,"
"the a cappella chorus," but
"a ci-devant professor").
Also, chemical names used as modifiers
before a noun are not hyphenated ("a citric acid solution").
And a compound noun having three or more words
may be either hyphenated or open,
depending on preference and usage evidence:
editor in chief, base on balls, give-and-take,
good-for-nothing, know-it-all,
justice of the peace, jack-of-all-trades,
pick-me-up, sick-to-itiveness.
The Hyphen as Apostrophe
Hyphens are sometimes used
to produce inflected forms of verbs
that are made of individually pronounced letters
or to add an -er ending to an abbreviation
—although apostrophes are more commonly
used for the purpose (x-ed vs. x'd, you decide).
The Hyphen in Chemical Compounds
A hyphen separates prefixes
composed of single letters, numerals,
or letter-numeral combinations from the rest of a chemical term.
In addition,
italicized prefixes are followed by a hyphen.
The hyphen is also used
to separate units of certain chemically complex terms:
α-amino-β-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid
2-methyl-3-ethylpentane
6H-1,2,5-thiadiazine
In amino acid sequences,
hyphens are used to separate the abbreviations
("Ala-Lys-Pro-Thr-Tyr-Phe-Gly-Arg-Glu-Gly").
It should be noted, however,
that most chemical names
used as modifiers are not hyphenated
("the amino acid sequence,"
"sodium hypochlorite bleach").
Hyphenated Numbers
Numbers that form the first part of a compound modifier
that express measurement
are followed by a hyphen
("a 28-mile trip,"
"a 10-pound weight,"
"a nine-pound baby"),
or that are used in a ratio ("a fifty-fifty chance," "60-40 chance").
An adjective that is composed of a number
followed by a noun in the possessive is not hyphenated
("two weeks' notice," "a four blocks' walk").
Also, when the modifier follows a noun,
it is usually not hyphenated
("The teacher required an essay that was five pages";
"Children who are twelve years old and under can order from the menu";
"The fence is 12 feet high").
Hyphens are used in fractions (e.g., two-thirds),
and they join the parts of whole numbers (twenty-one).
The hyphen is also found in serial numbers,
and social security or engine numbers.
If you're measuring something,
you might also use the hyphen
(foot-pound, kilowatt-hour, column-inch, light-year),
or if you are talking about periods of time
("pre-2000" or "post-2000," or "post-20th/twentieth century").
Reduplicative Compounds
Compounds that are formed by reduplication,
and so consist of two similar-sounding elements
(such as hush-hush, razzle-dazzle, or hugger-mugger),
are usually hyphenated
if each of the elements is made up of more than one syllable,
but the solid styling for such words is also common
(crisscross, knickknack, singsong).
For very short words (such as no-no, so-so),
words in which both elements may have primary stress (tip-top), and for injections (tsk-tsk),
the hyphenated styling is more common.
ความเห็น (0)
ไม่มีความเห็น