2022-05-11 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – G – got & gotten

Revision G

2022-05-11

ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – G – got & gotten

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แสดงรายละเอียด จากตำราแต่ละเล่ม ที่เป็นหัวข้อ ต่อไปนี้:

 

Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:

Got & gotten

The principal parts of get are get, got, got (or gotten).

Both got and gotten are acceptable words;

             your choice will depend upon your speech habits 

            or on the rhythm of the sentence you are writing or speaking. 

Got is colloquial when used to mean

“must,” “ought,” “own,” “possess,” and many other terms: 

“I must (not got to) go.”

“I ought (not got) to go.”

“I own (not got) two new suits.”

See also GET and HAVE GOT TO.

 

Common Error in English Usage Dictionary:

Got & gotten

In England, 

           the old word “gotten” dropped out of use except in 

           such stock phrases as “ill-gotten” and “gotten up,” 

but in the U.S. 

            it is frequently used as the past participle of “get.” 

Sometimes the two are interchangeable, 

However, “got” implies current possession, 

          as in “I’ve got just five dollars to buy my dinner with.” 

“Gotten,” in contrast, often implies

          the process of getting hold of something: 

             “I’ve gotten five dollars for cleaning out Mrs. Quimby’s shed”                

              emphasizing the earning of the money rather than its possession. 

 

Phrases that involve some sort of process usually involve “gotten”: 

           “My grades have gotten better since I moved out of the fraternity.” 

When you have to leave, you’ve got to go. 

If you say you’ve “gotten to go” 

            you’re implying someone gave you permission to go.

 

Collins COBUID English Dictionary:

Got is the past tense of the verb 'get'. 

In British English and for some meanings 

of the verb in American English, 

         it is also the past participle of 'get'.

         See get

Got is also used in the expression have got.

See have got

 

Collins COBUID English Dictionary:

gotten

In American English, gotten is usually the -ed participle of get. 

It is used to mean 

          'obtained', 'received', 'become', or 'caused to be'.

He had gotten his boots out of the closet.

He has gotten something in his eye.

He had gotten very successful since she last saw him.

I had gotten quite a lot of work done that morning.

It is also used in many phrasal verbs and phrases.

He must have gotten up at dawn.

We should have gotten rid of him.

Be Careful!
Don't use have gotten to mean 'possess'. For example, 

don't say 'I have gotten a headache' 

or 'He has gotten two sisters'.

Be Careful!
In British English, the -ed participle of get is got, not 'gotten'.