2022-03-11 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – E - explicit & implicit
2022-03-11
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – E - explicit & implicit
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Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง explicit = “ik-SPLIS-it”
ออกเสียง implicit = “im-PLIS-it”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
explicit & implicit
Explicit means “distinct,”
“specific,”
“clearly defined”:
“The foreman gave us explicit instructions.”
Implicit means “understood though not expressed”:
“A commitment to duty was implicit in his every act and thought.”
Implicit may also mean “complete,”
“unserved”
(implicit faith in our system of government.)
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Choose the Right Synonym for explicit
Explicit, Definite, Express, Specific
mean perfectly clear in meaning.
Explicit implies such verbal plainness and distinctness that there is no need for inference and no room for difficulty in understanding.
explicit instructions
Definite stresses precise, clear statement or arrangement that leaves no doubt or indecision.
the law is definite in such cases
Express implies both explicitness and direct and positive utterance.
her express wishes
Specific applies to what is precisely and fully treated in detail or particular.
two specific criticisms
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Word History
A Brief History of 'Complicit'
It literally means 'folded together'
Languages depend upon patterns,
both for forming words
and for connecting them in ways that can be understood.
We tend to notice unusual words like thrice,
which is less frequently heard than twice,
and “made-up” terms that we understand
because they follow patterns a bit too far,
like throuple (based on couple) or eleventy-first.
Other words are transparently
modeled on existing ones, like workaholic.
Following patterns is one of the ways
that words are created, and in some cases
we are more likely to recognize the pattern than the word itself:
burgle (from burglar)
buttle (from butler)
locomote (from locomotion)
quantitate (from quantitative)
Even if we’ve never encountered any of these verbs,
the familiar forms make them easy to figure out.
Such words were formed by a process known as back-formation,
by which a part of a longer word is removed to form a shorter word.
Words created by back-formation often
follow tried-and-true patterns,
and many are unremarkable and transparent in meaning,
even if they are rarely used (such as rabble rouse or flappable.
Others stand on their own and become frequently used words
(unlike the oddballs cited above),
like escalate or enthuse. Or complicit.
Complicit is a relatively recent addition to English vocabulary,
arriving in the mid-1800s.
It is a back-formation from complicity,
which came straight from the French word complicité in the 1600s.
The oldest English word in this family
is the now - obsolete complice (pronounced \KAHM-plus\)
—defined as “an associate or accomplice especially in crime”
—which dates back to the 1400s, when it came from French
(the modern word in French for “accomplice”
is still complice, pronounced \kohn-pleess\).
These words ultimately derive from the Latin verb
meaning “to fold together,”
complicare, formed by
combining com- (meaning “with,” “together,” or “jointly”)
and the verb plicare, meaning “to fold.”
Complicit literally means “folded together.”
Of course, “folded together” may be the literal meaning of this Latin root,
but it has become the figurative meaning in the English word complicit:
its definition “helping to commit a crime or do wrong in some way”
is a description of individuals thick as thieves,
with their motives and actions “folded together” metaphorically.
Complicity and its cousins accomplice, complicitous,
and complice are all part of this gang.
Complicare is also the root word of another English word,
one that expresses
its etymological meaning more literally than figuratively:
complicate.
In this case, the idea of things “folded together”
makes sense as an image of twists and turns of fabric.
The -pli- of these words is from plicare (“to fold”),
and is also the root of ply, the verb meaning “to twist together”
or the noun meaning “one of several layers.”
Other words that derive from plicare
are also illuminated by their etymologies:
explicit is “unfolded” and implicit is “folded in.”
When different building blocks of words
like com-, ex-, and im- combine
their respective meanings with a single root,
each resulting word expresses a slightly different
facet of the literal and figurative potential of language.
Whether we're adding or removing parts of words,
when meanings are folded together,
things can get, you know, complicated.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
An Explication on the Use of 'Explicit' and 'Implicit'
To be clear: We are not complicit in their misuse.
What to Know
Explicit describes something
that is very clear and without vagueness or ambiguity.
Implicit often functions as the opposite,
referring to something that is understood,
but not described clearly or directly,
and often using implication or assumption.
To help remember,
explicit things are explained,
implicit things are implied.
Explicit and implicit are distinct adjectives
having explicitly different meanings
that are occasionally confused with each other,
as shown in these examples:
I asked a few friends if they had ever watched the film,
or if they had heard about the claims that the film made.
Most of their immediate reactions were something along the lines of,
"You're watching a vegan propaganda film and taking to heart
the facts given without further research?"
My response was no.
First and foremost, that is an explicit assumption,
and second, the reason I was even asking around was to get a broader perspective.
— Upbeat (Lamar University), 6 Dec. 2017
'Explicit' Meaning
To be explicitly clear,
explicit and implicit are different words and, in some contexts,
they are truly true antonyms.
Explicit denotes being very clear
and complete without vagueness, implication, or ambiguity.
When something is said to be explicit,
there is no question as to what is being expressed or conveyed
—nothing is implied or assumed.
The students were given explicit instructions on how to record their test answers.
Changes to the property cannot be done without the landlord's explicit consent.
The law is very explicit about how these measures should be enacted.
'Implicit' Meaning
Implicit, on the other hand,
denotes that something is understood
although not clearly or directly expressed or conveyed
—there is implication, assumption, or question.
It often precedes a preposition,
usually in and less frequently from, with, or within.
An idea that's implicit in “Taste the Nation”
is that the more we know about the cultural history of our food,
the more that leads to cultural openness.
— Padma Lakshmi, quoted in The New York Times, 3 Aug. 2020
Other Meanings of 'Explicit' and 'Implicit'
Explicit and implicit also have distinct meanings
unconnected to their antonymy.
Explicit is used to describe such things as writing, lyrics, photography,
or film that express or depict openly offensive
or vulgar nudity, violence, or sexuality,
or it can indicate an act or behavior that is queasily graphic
or leaves nothing to implication or the imagination
(e.g., "scenes of explicit violence and drug use").
Another sense of implicit is "not affected by doubt,"
a meaning shared by words like absolute and complete,
as in "implicit confidence," and,
in a sense, explicit (which connotes clarity and openness).
Implicit can also describe
something that is inherent or inextricably connected with another
but not immediately manifest
—for example, bugs are "implicit" in new computer applications.
The implicit source of confusion with explicit and implicit
is their shared Latin root, plicare, meaning "to fold,"
which gives them the same anglicized ending "-plicit."
But one simply needs to look to their beginnings,
their prefixes—respectively,
ex-, meaning "out,"
and im-, "in, within"
—to decipher their distinct meanings.
Explicit can be interpreted as "to unfold" or "to lay out"
(in other words, "to explain")
and implicit can be translated as "to fold in,"
implying covering or containing (meaning) within.
True, the words have the same root and syllable count
and are applied in similar contexts,
but they are explicitly different in spelling and meaning.
When in doubt, look to the prefixes:
if you are describing something that is clearly explained or expressed,
the word to use is explicit;
if you are describing something that is implied,
implicit is the word.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Implicit With a Preposition
Implicit is often followed by a preposition,
and that preposition is usually in:
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Word History
Does 'Implicit' Mean "Wholehearted" or "Implied"?
Yes.
English has a number of words
which contain opposite, or seemingly contradictory meanings.
Some examples of this class of word,
which we call contronyms are splice,
which may mean either “to split apart” or “to attach together,”
and dust, which may refer either
to the action of removing or of adding dust to a thing.
In addition to these contronyms
(also called Janus words and autoantonyms)
English is lucky enough to have a number of other words
which, while not possessed of opposite meanings,
have senses which are somewhat perplexing. Such as implicit.
This word causes occasional confusion for some people
as it may mean “implied” or “unquestioning, wholehearted,”
two things which are not all that close to each other.
Implicit shares its roots with implicate,
as both these words come from the Latin implicare,
meaning “to entwine, involve.”
It is assumed that the sense meaning “implied” came first from this source; given that the word implied is both older and more common,
some people have wondered
why our language needed this sense of implicit
(H. W. Fowler, in his Dictionary of Modern English Usage
wrote rather unkindly of implicit
“as it is certainly not so instantly intelligible to the average man,
it might have been expected to be so good as to die”).
English is replete with needless synonyms,
many of which lack the grace to be so good as to die.
The more vexing question is how implicit
came to add the strikingly dissimilar meaning of wholehearted.
For that we can blame religion.
In the 16th century it was not uncommon for writers
on ecclesiastical matters to use the Latin term fides implicita
(or implicit faith),
which bespoke a person’s faith in religious matters
as dictated by the Church, and without explicit reasoning
on the part of the individual.
The “unquestioning” sense of implicit
led to the word being also used with confidence, belief,
and similar words,
and it took on the additional meaning of “wholehearted.”
This ecclesiastical origin has survived in the lovely word fidimplicitary.
By “survived” we mean that the word is still found in the
the historical treatment afforded by The Oxford English Dictionary,
which defines it as “That puts ‘implicit faith’ in another's dictum.”
Despite the disparate meanings contained in this word
(and implicit has a number of other senses as well)
we manage to (for the most part) successfully understand
this word based on context.
Should you say to someone “you have my implicit trust”
you are clearly using the “wholehearted” meaning,
rather than the “implied” one.
If you feel confused about which meaning is intended,
take a moment and try to puzzle it out and it should become clear.
That is our fidimplicitary belief.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Word History
A Brief History of 'Complicit'
It literally means 'folded together'
Languages depend upon patterns,
both for forming words and for connecting them
in ways that can be understood.
We tend to notice unusual words
like thrice, which is less frequently heard than twice,
and “made-up” terms that we understand
because they follow patterns a bit too far,
like throuple (based on couple) or eleventy-first.
Other words are transparently modeled on existing ones,
like workaholic.
Following patterns is one of the ways that words are created,
and in some cases we are more likely
to recognize the pattern than the word itself:
burgle (from burglar)
buttle (from butler)
locomote (from locomotion)
quantitate (from quantitative)
Even if we’ve never encountered any of these verbs,
the familiar forms make them easy to figure out.
Such words were formed by a process known as back-formation,
by which a part of a longer word is removed to form a shorter word.
Words created by back-formation
often follow tried-and-true patterns,
and many are unremarkable and transparent in meaning,
even if they are rarely used (such as rabble rouse or flappable.
Others stand on their own and become frequently used words
(unlike the oddballs cited above), like escalate or enthuse. Or complicit.
Complicit is a relatively recent addition to English vocabulary,
arriving in the mid-1800s. It is a back-formation from complicity,
which came straight from the French word complicité in the 1600s.
The oldest English word
in this family is the now-obsolete
complice (pronounced \KAHM-plus\)
—defined as “an associate or accomplice especially in crime”
—which dates back to the 1400s, when it came from French
(the modern word in French for “accomplice”
is still complice, pronounced \kohn-pleess\).
These words ultimately derive from the Latin verb
meaning “to fold together,” complicare,
formed by combining com- (meaning “with,” “together,” or “jointly”)
and the verb plicare, meaning “to fold.”
Complicit literally means “folded together.”
Of course, “folded together”
may be the literal meaning of this Latin root,
but it has become the figurative meaning
in the English word complicit:
its definition “helping to commit a crime or do wrong in some way”
is a description of individuals thick as thieves,
with their motives and actions “folded together” metaphorically.
Complicity and its cousins accomplice, complicitous,
and complice are all part of this gang.
Complicare is also the root word of another English word,
one that expresses its etymological meaning
more literally than figuratively: complicate.
In this case,
the idea of things “folded together”
makes sense as an image of twists and turns of fabric.
The -pli- of these words is from plicare (“to fold”),
and is also the root of ply, the verb meaning “to twist together”
or the noun meaning “one of several layers.”
Other words that derive from plicare
are also illuminated by their etymologies:
explicit is “unfolded” and
implicit is “folded in.”
When different building blocks of words
like com-, ex-, and im- combine
their respective meanings with a single root,
each resulting word expresses
a slightly different facet of the literal and figurative potential of language.
Whether we're adding or removing parts of words,
when meanings are folded together,
things can get, you know, complicated.
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