2022-02-25
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – E - emigrant & immigrant
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง emigrant = “EM-i-gruhnt”
Immigrant = “IM-i-gruhnt”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
emigrant & immigrant
These words, together with
emigrate and immigrate, emigration and immigration,
are related to the basic verb migrate,
which is used with reference to place of departure and to destination.
Emigrant andemigrate refer specifically to a place of departure
and emphasize movement from that place.
Immigrantand immigrate refer mainly to destination
and are followed by to,
as emigrate and emigrant are by from:
“Johnson immigrated to England in 1965.”
“Johnson emigrated from Sweden in 1965”
A person moving from one country to another is anemigrant.
One who has already moved to another area is an immigrant.
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
To “emigrate” is to leave a country.
The E at the beginning of the word is related to
the E in other words having to do with going out, such as “exit.”
“Immigrate,” in contrast, looks as if it might have something to do with going in, and indeed it does:
it means to move into a new country.
The same distinction applies to “emigration” and “immigration.”
Note the double M in the second form.
A migrant is someone who continually moves about.
Dictionary.com:
ORIGIN OF EMIGRANT
First recorded in 1745–55, Americanism; from Latin
ēmigrant- (stem of ēmigrāns ) “moving away”
(present participle of ēmigrāre ),
equivalent to ē- “from, out of” + migrant-
(migr-, stem of migrāre “to remove” + -ant- suffix
forming nouns and adjectives from verbs);
MORE ABOUT EMIGRANT
What does emigrant mean?
An emigrant is a person who has emigrated or is emigrating
—permanently leaving home in one country or region
to settle in another.
The act or occurrence of emigrating is called emigration.
What’s the difference between emigrant, immigrant, and migrant?
A migrant is a person who moves from one place to another
(and perhaps back and forth).
An emigrant is someone who moves away, while an immigrant is someone who moves in.
For this reason,
the word emigrant is often followed by from and the home country,
whereas immigrant is often followed by to and the destination country.
Of course, emigrant and immigrant often refer to the same person
—people who are emigrating are also immigrating
(if they leave, they have to go somewhere).
But there are good reasons to use each word in different situations.
For example,
one country may be a common destination for immigrants,
while another may experience the frequent departure of emigrants.
The words migrant and immigrant are more likely to be used
to describe such relocation in a general way
(that is, a way that takes both
the starting point and the destination into account),
whereas emigrant is almost always used in reference
to the place that has been left.
Less commonly, emigrant can be used as an adjective
to mean in the process of emigrating,
as in emigrant peoples.
Another word for an emigrant is émigré,
which especially refers to an emigrant
who has fled their country due to political conditions.
Example:
The lack of employment has caused a significant number of emigrants to leave the country in search of jobs.
Where does emigrant come from?
The first records of the verb emigrant come from around 1750.
It was first used in the United States.
It comes from the Latin ēmīgrāns, meaning “moving away.”
This word derives from the Latin verb ēmīgrāre, from mīgrāre,
meaning “to depart” or “to move from place to place.”
The e– part means “out of” or “from.”
(In immigrant, the im- part means “in” or “into.”)
The word emigrant typically implies movement out of one country
into another
(as opposed to movement out of a city or state into another one in the same country).
Most countries track statistics about such movement,
especially in relation to how it may affect their economies.
Although emigrate implies a permanent departure,
a person may be an emigrant again and again
until they settle in some place.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Frequently Asked Questions About emigrant
What is the difference between an emigrant and an immigrant?
Immigrant and emigrant both
refer to a person leaving their own country for another.
However, immigrant (and its verb form _immigrate) typically stress the country going to,
while emigrant (and its verb emigrate) stress the country coming from.
One is an immigrant to a new country,
and an emigrant from an old one.
Is emigrant a noun or a verb?
Emigrant is a noun, meaning
"one who leaves one's place of residence or country to live elsewhere."
It is synonymous with émigré, a word that is especially used of a person who has left for political reasons.
The verb form of the word is emigrate.
Does emigrant imply illegality?
Both emigrant and immigrant refer to a person who has moved
from one country to another,
usually in permanent or semi-permanent fashion.
Neither word by itself has any connotations of illegality.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
immigrant or emigrant?
Both of these words come from the Latin migrare
(“to move from one place to another”),
and both have definitions in English
that hew closely to their etymological roots,
but there is a definite difference between
how you would use each one.
Emigrant is used in reference to the country that has been left
(“an emigrant from Canada”),
while immigrant is used in reference
the country that one is destined for (“an immigrant to Spain”).
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
Using 'Citizen' and 'Resident' Legally
Being a citizen and being a resident aren't exactly the same.
Citizenship refers to a person's allegiance to a government
in exchange for its protection at home and abroad.
Full political rights,
including the right to vote and to hold public office,
and civil liberties are typically granted to a native-born citizen
(under jus soli, a Latin legal term meaning, literally, "right of the soil")
or to a naturalized citizen
—i.e., a person who has successfully met official requirements
that make him or her a citizen of a country other than their country of birth.
(The term naturalization is of 16th-century Scottish origin.)
Besides pledging allegiance to the country,
the citizen is expected to pay taxes and fulfill other duties,
when called upon, as those concerning military or jury service.
Today, 'citizen' tends to specify a person who legally belongs to a country, and 'resident' is used, generally,
for a person who is legally living or working in a particular locality.
The practice of conferring citizenship to residents
first arose in towns and city-states of ancient Greece,
where it was granted only to property owners.
The Romans adopted the practice as a bestowal of privilege
that could be conferred on, or withheld from, conquered peoples;
in time, citizenship was granted to all of the empire's free inhabitants.
The spread of the ideals of citizenship suffered a setback in Europe
during the feudal era, but they were revived during the Renaissance,
and then crystallized during the American and French Revolutions.
The term citizen (based on Anglo-French cité, "city")
entered English in the 14th century,
and originally it simply designated a resident of a city or town.
Early on, however,
citizen acquired specific political significance
as the name for a person
who legally belongs to a state, nation, or other polity
and has the rights and protections of that polity.
About the 15th century,
resident entered the language as a word
for any person living in
(it is derived from Latin residēre,
meaning "to remain, abide") a particular place,
such as a city—which means citizen and resident were synonymous:
a person could call themselves a citizen of London, for example,
or a resident of the city.
Through the centuries, however, the terms developed distinct uses.
Today, citizen tends to specify a person
who legally belongs to a country, and
resident is used, generally, for a person
who is legally living or working in a particular locality
—like a town, city, or state, or even on a university
or hospital campus or in a musical venue.
Examples of such uses are
"a creative writing resident,"
"medical residents," or
"a resident performer."
And, obviously, resident is applicable to a person
who is living in a "residence."
A residence is any place where one actually lives
—a home, apartment, etc.
—as distinguished from a domicile.
In the eyes of the law,
a domicile is a "legal residence,"
the address from which one registers to vote,
licenses a car, and pays income tax.
Wealthy people may have several residences in which
they live at different times of the year,
but only one of their homes can be their official domicile
for all legal purposes.
In the court of law,
the term resident is often contrasted with citizen:
it names a person who has a residence in a particular place
but does not necessarily have the status of a citizen.
Take, for example, an everyday occurrence in immigration law:
a person who has citizenship outside of the United States
and who desires to work or live in the country applies for a green card,
an identification card that attests to his or her legal residence in the country as an alien
—that is, a person who was born in a different country
and is not a citizen of the country in which he or she now resides.
(And, yes, the name of the card, which dates to the mid-1900s,
is from the fact that it was formerly colored green.)
After thorough review of the application,
the applicant, if eligible, is issued a green card
and is considered a "lawful permanent resident"
with the right to live and work in the U.S.
and the right to the protection of the country's law.
However, he or she is not allowed to vote in or stand for federal elections (rights which are granted to citizens);
additionally, they can be subject to deportation
if they commit certain crimes or security violations.
After a certain period of permanent residency,
an alien may apply for naturalization.
According to the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution,
"all persons born or naturalized in the United States,
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof,
are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside."
(A person born outside of the U.S. to parents who were born
or naturalized in the U.S. is also a citizen of the U.S.)
The Amendment makes clear that
the term citizen is most accurately applied to a person
who has pledged allegiance to a country (in this case, the U.S.)
and has the rights and protection of that country.
It also uses citizen in the sense of "a resident of a state,"
with which we can't argue.
However, resident (and not citizen) is the best choice
when referring to a person
who is paying the bills to keep a roof over his or her head in a town or city.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Words at Play - the week of June 8th, 2018
To finish this week's roundup of things lexicographic,
we'll take this opportunity to share some of the ongoing research
into the history of the language, an essential component of any dictionary.
Until this week our earliest evidence of the word immigrant
("a person who comes to a country to take up permanent residence")
was from the year 1789.
Recent findings have pushed this use back to at least 1780.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
Must an 'Immigrant' Also Be an 'Emigrant'?
And what's an émigré?
What to Know
Immigrant and emigrant both refer to
a person leaving their own country for another.
However, "immi grant" and its verb form stress the country going to,
while "emigrant" and its verb stress the country coming from.
Neither historically infer the process or legal-ness of these actions.
Can you be an immigrant without being an emigrant?
Or can you emigrate without immigrating?
And what are the differences between immigrant, migrant, and refugee?
People have a great many questions about these words,
and often appear to be looking for support for an argument
(across many political lines) rather than for an actual definition.
We will do our best to provide answers to these questions
that will leave all of you equally dissatisfied.
People are emigrants when they leave their country of origin.
When they arrive at their destination, they are immigrants.
Immigrant vs. Emigrant
There is very little difference between immigrant and emigrant semantically;
both words refer to a person
who leaves one country in order to move to another
(generally for a permanent or significant stay).
The main difference is that
immigrant is used in reference to the country moved to, and
emigrant is used in reference to the country moved from.
There are several ways of remembering
how to distinguish between these words:
people are emigrants when they leave their country of origin, and immigrants when they arrive at their destination,
or an emigrant is given an additional M when moving to a new country.
The verbs immigrate and emigrate are similarly related in meaning.
While the words have been used interchangeably
by some writers over the years,
immigrate stresses entering a country,
and emigrate stresses leaving.
You are more likely to encounter
emigrate used with the preposition from,
and immigrate used with to or into.
It should be noted, however,
that we have significant evidence of each of these words
being used with a variety of overlapping prepositions;
the borders between these words are somewhat porous.
Origins: Migrare and Emigre
All of the above words come, in part, from the Latin migrare
(“to move from one place to another”), which also serves,
obviously enough, as the source for the English word migrant.
A migrant is simply “one that migrates,”
although when used regarding people
the word most frequently is applied to an itinerant worker
who moves with regularity, especially if harvesting crops.
Related to these is the émigré, which is an emigrant,
but more fully defined as “a person who emigrates for political reasons.”
An émigré may also be a refugee,
which is “a person who flees to a foreign country or power
to escape danger or persecution.”
There are also some situations in which
émigrés and refugees are not entirely synonymous,
as one may be a refugee due to environmental factors rather than political ones.
However, when we look at words which have descended from migrare,
the questions that seem to be foremost on the minds of many
are those which are concerned with the word illegal:
does immigrant mean that a person
has observed all the proper laws in entering a country?
Can an immigrant (or any actual person) be illegal?
This is the part of the article
where we have something to make everyone unhappy.
There is not sufficient lexical evidence to support
a definition of immigrant which specifies that
a person is adhering to the legal code of the country in which he or she resides.
Some people do not much like this,
as they feelthat the word has the connotation of
“having observed all legal requirements before crossing a border.”
Our evidence suggests that
when it is necessary to make the status of an immigrant clear,
this is done with a modifier,
such as legal or illegal.
And some other people do not much like this,
as they feel that describing a person as illegal
is semantically and morally problematic.
Our position on the matter is that
we will attempt to define the English language as it is used.
You may certainly write us angry letters
if you would like to see a definition changed,
but this will be about as effective as American
complaining to the authors of an epidemiology textbook
when you come down with the flu.
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language:
im·mi·grant (ĭm′ĭ-grənt) n.
1. A person who leaves one country to settle permanently in another.
2. An organism that establishes itself in an area where it previously did not exist.
adj. Of or relating to immigrants or the act of immigrating.
Usage Note:
Everyone agrees that the word immigrant
can be applied to someone who moves voluntarily to a given country
or region intending to settle there.
But is it acceptable to refer to the enslaved Africans
who were brought to America against their will
in the 1600s, 1700s, and 1800s as "immigrants"?
In recent years,
more than one politician and textbook publisher
has attracted ridicule and condemnation for describing
the enslaved Africans
as if they were simply another of the many immigrant groups
that helped make America what it is today.
Whether the slaves were or were not immigrants in some sense
is a matter of delicate semantic interpretation,
but it is probably not appropriate to refer to them as such
without significant qualification;
to do so is likely to be taken
as ignoring the extraordinary brutality of the transatlantic slave trade.