2022-02-15 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – E - each

Revision E

2022-02-15

ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – E - each

แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น 

ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค

 

Dictionary.com:

ออกเสียง each = “EECH”

 

Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:

each

This pronoun is singular and impliesone even when not followed by one.

Plural words used inmodifying phrases do not change the number: 

“Each has his own reasons.”

“Each of the girls has her own reasons.”

When each appears after a plural subject to which it refers, 

the verb should be plural: 

“Bill and Jack each have their own reasons.”

 

Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:

each

“Each” as a subject is always singular: 

think of it as equivalent to “every one.” 

The verb whose subject it is must also be singular. 

Some uses, like “to keep them from fighting, 

each dog has been given its own bowl,” cause no problem. 

No one is tempted to say “have been given.” 

 

But when a prepositional phrase 

with a plural object intervenes between subject and verb, 

we are likely to be misledinto saying things like 

“Each of the children have to memorize their own locker combinations.” 

 

The subject is “each,” not “children.” 

The tendency to avoid specifying gender by using “their” 

adds to pressure toward plurality; 

but the correct version of this sentence is 

“Each of the children has to memorize his or her own locker combination.” 

One can avoid the entire problem by pluralizing throughout: 

“All the children have to memorize their own locker combinations” 

(but see the entry on singular “they" for more on this point). 

In many uses, however, “each” is not the subject,

as in “We each have our own favorite flavor of ice cream” 

which is correct 

because “we” and not “each”is the subject of the verb “have.” 

 

“Each other”cannot be a subject, 

so the question of verb number does not arise; 

but the number of the possessive creates a problem for some writers. 

 

“They gazed into each other’s eyes” is correct 

and “each others’” is incorrect 

because “each other” is singular. 

Reword to “each gazed into the other’s eyes” 

to see the logic behind this rule. 

 

“Each other” is always two distinct words separated by a space 

although it functions grammatically as a sort of compound word.

 

Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree:

each = every one of two or more persons or things: 

take two books each; 

= every one individually: 

Each one had a different opinion on the matter.;

= apiece: 

The tickets are four dollars each.

Not to be confusedwith:

Both = the two; not only one: 

both shows were canceled

 

Dictionary.com:

SYNONYM STUDY FOR EACH

Each & every 

are alike in having a distributive meaning. 

Of two or more members composing an aggregate, 

each directs attention to the separate members in turn: 

 

Each child (of those considered and enumerated) received a large apple. 

 

Every emphasizes inclusiveness or universality: 

Every child (of all in existence) likes to play.

 

Dictionary.com:

USAGE NOTE FOR EACH

The adjective each is always followed by a singular noun: 

each person; 

each book. 

When the adjective follows a plural subject, 

the verb agrees with the subject: 

They each dress in different styles. 

The houses each have central heating. 

 

When the pronoun each comes immediately before the verb, 

it always takes a singular verb: 

Each comes (not come ) from a different country. 

 

When the pronoun is followed by an of phrase 

containing a plural noun or pronoun, 

there is a tendency forthe verb to be plural: 

Each of the candidates has (or have ) spoken on the issue. 

Some usage guides maintain that only the singular verb is correct, 

but plural verbs occur frequently even in edited writing.

It is also sometimes said that

the pronoun each must always be referred to by a singular pronoun, 

but again actual usage does not regularly observe this stricture: 

Each member of our garden club had their own special interests. 

In the most formal speech and writing, 

singular verbs and pronouns occur more frequently than plural: 

Each member … had his own special interests. 

 

The use of plural forms, 

especially plural pronouns, has been increasing in the United States, 

partially because of the desire to avoid 

using he or his to refer to a female.

 

Anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, 

no one, someone, and somebody 

follow the same general patterns of pronoun agreement as each. 

See also they.

 

Merriam-Webster Dictionary:

History and Etymology for each

Adjective

Middle English ech, from Old English ǣlc;

akin to Old High German iogilīh each; 

both from West Germanic *aiw- ever, always 

(whence Old English ā always) + *galīkaz having the same form, 

like (whence Old English gelīc like)

— more at AYE, LIKE entry 1

 

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language:

each

Usage Note: 

In standard usage, the subject of a sentence 

beginning with each is grammatically singular, 

and so the verb and following pronouns must be singular: 

Each of the apartments has (not have) its (not their) 

own private entrance (not entrances).

 

When each follows a plural subject, however, 

the verb and subsequent pronouns remain plural: 

The apartments each have their own private entrances (not has its own private entrance). 

When each follows the verb, 

it has been traditionally considered acceptable to say either 

The boys have each their own bike 

or The boys have each his own bike, 

though both of these (and especially the latter) are likely 

to seem stilted in comparison to 

The boys each have their own bike 

or The boys each have their own bikes. 

 

· The expression each and every is likewise followed 

by a singular verb and singular pronoun: 

Each and every driver knows (not know) 

what his or her (not their) job is to be. 

 

This expression issometimes criticized as redundant, 

and so it is, but it emphasizes

both the universality and individuality 

of the collection being discussed, 

much like every single one. 

See Usage Notes at every, they.

 

Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary:

usage: 

When the adjective each follows a plural subject, 

the verb agrees with the subject: 

The houses each have central heating. 

When the pronoun, a singular form, is followed 

by an of phrase containing a plural noun or pronoun, 

strict usage requires the singular verb: 

Each of the candidates has spoken on the issue. 

Yet plural verbs tend to occur frequently even in edited writing. 

Usage guides also advise that each must be 

referred to by a singular pronoun. 

Again, actual usage does not always conform. 

Singular pronouns do occur in the most formal speech and writing: 

Each club member had his own project. 

But the use of plural pronouns has been increasing in the U.S., 

partially to avoid a suggestion of sexism: 

Each club member had their own project. 

These same general patterns of pronoun agreement are followed 

in the use of anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, no one, someone, 

and somebody. 

See also they.

 

Collins COBUILD English Usage:

each  
1. 'each'

You use each in front of the singular form of a countable noun 

to talk about every person or thing in a group. 

You use each rather than 'every' 

when you are thinking about the members of a group as individuals.

Each applicant has five choices.

They interviewed each candidate.

Each country is divided into several districts.

2. 'each of'

Instead of using 'each', you can sometimes use each of. 

For example, 

instead of saying 'Each soldier was given a new uniform', 

you can say 'Each of the soldiers was given a new uniform'. 

Each of is followed by a determiner 

and the plural form of a countable noun.

Each of these phrases has a different meaning.

They inspected each of her appliances carefully.

 

You also use each of in front of plural pronouns.

They were all just sitting there, each of them thinking private thoughts.

Each of these would be a big advance in its own right.

 

When you use each of in front of a plural noun or pronoun, 

you use a singular form of a verb after the noun or pronoun.

Each of these cases was carefully locked.

Each of us looks over the passenger lists.

Be Careful!
You never use each without of in front of a plural noun or pronoun. 

Don't say, for example, 'Each cases was carefully locked'.

Be Careful!
Don't use words such as 'almost', 'nearly', or 'not' in front of each.

Don't say, for example, 'Almost each house in the street is for sale'. 

You say 'Almost every house in the street is for sale'.

They show great skills in nearly every aspect of school life.

Not every lecturer wants to do research.

Be Careful!
Don't use 'each' or 'each of' in a negative clause. 

Don't say, for example, 'Each boy did not enjoy football' 

or 'Each of the boys did not enjoy football'. 

You say 'None of the boys enjoyed football'.

None of them are actually African.

None of these suggestions is very helpful.

See none

 

3. referring back to 'each'

You usually use a singular pronoun such as he, she, him, or her 

to refer back to an expression containing each.

Each boy said what he thought had happened.

However, when you are referring back to an expression 

such as each person or each student 

which does not indicate a specific sex, you usually use a form of they.

Each resident has their own bathroom.