2022-02-08 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – D - dire straits
2022-02-08
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – D - dire straits
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Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง dire = “DAHYUHR”
ออกเสียง straits = “STREYT”
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
dire straits
When you are threading your way through troubles
as if you were traversing a dangerously narrow passage
you are in “dire straits.”
The expression and the band by that name
are often transformed by those
who don’t understand the word “strait”into “dire straights."
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
History and Etymology for dire
borrowed from Latin dīrus "(of omens) exciting horror, awful,
(of physical or nonphysical things) inspiring terror, dreadful,"
probably going back to *dweiro-,
going back to Indo-European *du̯ei̯-ro-
or *du̯ei̯-so-, adjectival derivatives of the verbal base *du̯ei- "fear"
— more at DEINONYCHUS
NOTE: The regular outcome of pre-Latin *dweiros
would be *bīrus in Latin,
which has led to speculation that the word has been borrowed from another Italic language.
This hypothesis appears to be supported by
a remark in the expanded version of the commentary
on the Aeneid by the grammarian Servius,
that the word dīrus was used by the Sabines and Umbrians.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Dire Straits and Furies
Dire and fury share a history in Roman mythology,
as each of these words is connected to the Erinyes,
the avenging and terrifying deities of ancient myth
who tormented criminals.
The Romans referred to these goddesses
as either the Dirae or the Furiae.
The former is from the Latin word dirus, from which dire is descended,
and the latter comes from furere, from where we get fury.
The word dire is often found in conjunction with straits;
in dire straits is used of a situation that is very bad or difficult.
Our records indicate that this phrase began to be used in English
at the end of the 18th century,
when it appeared in Francis Fawkes’s The Argonautics of Apollonius Rhodius:
“When now the heroes through the vast profound, Reach the dire straits with rocks encompass’d round.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Choose the Right Synonym for strait
Noun
Juncture, Exigency, Emergency, Contingency, Pinch, Strait (orStraits) Crisis.
mean a critical or crucial time or state of affairs. Juncture stresses the significant concurrence or convergence of events.
an important juncture in our country's history
Exigency stresses the pressure of restrictions or urgency of demands created by a special situation.
provide for exigencies
Emergency applies to a sudden unforeseen situation requiring prompt action to avoid disaster.
the presence of mind needed to deal with emergencies
Contingency implies an emergency or exigency that is regarded as possible but uncertain of occurrence.
contingency plans
Pinch implies urgency or pressure for actionto a less intense degree than EXIGENCY or EMERGENCY.
come through in a pinch
Strait now commonly Straits,applies to a troublesome situation from which escape is extremely difficult.
in dire straits
Crisis applies to a juncture whose outcome will make a decisive difference.
a crisis of confidence
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
strait or straight?
Straight and strait are homophones (“one of two or more words pronounced alike but different in meaning or derivation or spelling”),
and many people are in the habit of confusing such creatures,
particularly when used in fixed phrases.
If you express no emotion you have a straight face;
an upright person is a straight shooter;
a straight flush is “a poker hand containing five cards of the same suit in sequence.”
However, if you find yourself in a difficult situation
you are in dire straits.
Straitjacket and straitlaced are the more commonly used forms
for the restrictive garment and the “strict in manners” adjective, although straightjacket and straightlaced are also occasionally found.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
Dire Straits: Straight vs. Strait (plus Straitjacket and Straitlaced)
If the straightjacket fits, can we still spell it that way?
What to Know
Straight can mean "without bend," "heterosexual," and "fairness,"
while strait means "narrow, strict, or constricted."
This is why "strait" is
the original spelling of "straitjacket" and "straitlaced."
Given that the imagery of a straitjacket and straitlaced person
reflects being upright or following a narrow path,
they are often conflated as "straightjacket" and "straightlaced."
We know straight to mean
"having no curves, bends, or angles,"
"heterosexual," and
"exhibiting honesty and fairness," among other things.
We likewise know that strait refers to
a narrow passage of water between two land masses,
and also "a situation of perplexity or distress,"
such as the phrase in dire straits ("in a bad or difficult situation"):
So why are they so often confused in words
such as straitjacket and straitlaced?
Confusing Strait and Straight
Strait also serves as an adjective with now-archaic senses,
including "strict or narrow,"
"rigorous," and
"closely fitting or constricted."
These words originated
from the "closely fitting or constricted" sense of strait,
but they are spelled straightjacket and straightlaced
frequently enough that these spellings are
listed as variants at their respective entries in the dictionary.
One reason for the variant spellings might be due to interpretation.
A person wearing a straitjacket
is essentially forced into a straight position,
and straight carries a connotation of discipline
—not deviating from a path, as opposed to wandering astray
—that could encourage the spellings straightjacket and straightlaced.
Another example of this conflation
turns up in the phrase straight and narrow,
defined as "the way of propriety and rectitude."
The phrase originates from the Bible;
specifically, the King James Version, Matthew 7:13-14:
The gospel is referring to a small opening into "the way" that is narrow.
But the interpretation eventually shifted to straight and narrow, with straight implying a regimen of clean living:
Surprisingly, the words are not etymologically related.
Straight ultimately derives from the Old English streccan,
an ancestor of our word stretch.
Strait, meanwhile, derives via Middle English and Anglo-French
from the Latin verb stringere,
meaning "to draw or bind tight."
From stringere we also get the words strict and stringent.
And that's as straight an explanation as we can give you.
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