2022-02-06 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – D - diction & vocabulary & glossary & thesaurus
2022-02-06
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – D - diction & vocabulary & glossary & thesaurus
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง diction = “DIK-shuhn”
ออกเสียง vocabulary = “voh-KAB-yuh-ler-ee”
ออกเสียง glossary = “GLOS-uh-ree” or “GLAW-suh-ree”
ออกเสียง thesaurus = “thi-SAWR-uhs”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
diction & vocabulary
Diction is the choice and use of words for the expression of ideas.
The word comes from Latindicto, which means “saying,” “word,”
and which appears in such familiar terms
as dictionary, dictator, and dictate.
Diction has been broadened in meaning
to refer to one’s whole style of speaking and writing:
“This speaker was distinguished for his forceful, precise diction.
Vocabulary refers to
the complete stock of words used or known by an individual or nation: “Joan’s German vocabulary is limited, but she has a wide-ranging knowledge of Italian.”
Vocabulary is a more embracing term than diction:
the latter refers to
only words and expressions chosen and used by a speaker or writer,
but the former includes not only the terms one uses
but those that are in his recognition and reading store of words as well.
Dictionary.com:
SYNONYM STUDY FOR DICTION
Diction, Phraseology, Wording
refer to the means and the manner of expressing ideas.
Diction usually implies a high level of usage;
it refers chiefly to the choice of words, their arrangement,
and the force, accuracy, and distinctionwith which they are used:
The speaker was distinguished for his excellent diction;
poetic diction.
Phraseology refers more to the manner of combining the words
into related groups, and especially to the peculiar or distinctive manner in which certain technical, scientific, and professional ideas are expressed:
legal phraseology.
Wording refers to the exact words or phraseology used to convey thought:
the wording of a will.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Did you know?
When your English teacher complains about some of the words
you chose to use in an essay, she's talking about your diction.
She may also use the term
when commenting on the word choices made by a poet,
and why a particular word was the best one possible in a particular line.
But the second meaning of diction is just as common,
and your English teacher might use that one on you as well,
especially when she's asked you to read something aloud
and you mumble your way through it.
History and Etymology for diction
Earlier, "word, phrase," going back to Middle English dicion "saying," borrowed from Anglo-French & Latin; Anglo-French dictyoun "word," borrowed from Latin dictiōn-, dictiō "act of speaking, speech,
(in grammar) word, expression, form," from dic-,
variant stem of dīcere "to talk, speak,
say, utter" + -tiōn-, -tiō, suffix of action nouns;
dīcere going back to Indo-European *dei̯ḱ- "show, point out,"
whence also, with varying ablaut, Germanic *tīh-a- "point out"
(whence Old English tēon "to accuse," Old Saxon aftīhan "to deny,"
Old High German zīhan "to accuse," Old Norse tjā, tēa "to show, report," Gothic gateihan "to announce, tell"), Greek deíknȳmi, deiknýnai "
to show, point out," Sanskrit diśati "(s/he) shows, exhibits"
Picturesque Expressions: A Thematic Dictionary:
Diction
BBC English The speech of the announcers of
the British Broadcasting Corporation, generally accepted
as the epitome of correct British English pronunciation
until the early 1970s, when announcers (“presenters” in England)
with regional accents were allowed on the air.
The term is often used disparagingly
due to its connotations of affectation and pretentiousness:
Critics who enjoy making fun of what they are pleased
to call “B.B.C. English”
might with profit pay occasional visits to the other side of the Atlantic,
in order to hear examples of our language
as broadcast where there are no official “recommendations to announcers.” (Listener, 1932)
The expression is rapidly losing its significance.
the King’s English
Perfectly spoken English; also, the Queen’s English.
The British monarch has long been
considered the paragon of flawless diction,
notwithstanding the fact that
many of the kings and queens spoke with heavy accents.
The expression was used in Shakespeare’s Merry Wives of Windsor:
Abusing of God’s patience, and the King’s English. (I, iv)
Received Pronunciation
British English as spoken at Oxford and Cambridge,
and in England’s public schools; often abbreviated RP.
This term describes the speech of England’s cultured, educated class;
it has no dialectal or regional characteristics
or boundaries but is recognized throughout the country
as the hallmark of the educated Englishman.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
The Vocabulary of Vocabulary
For many people, the word vocabulary is primarily associated
with the number of words that a person knows;
one either has a large or a small vocabulary.
But the word has many shades of meaning
and is nicely representative of
the nuanced and multi-hued nature of so much of the English lexicon.
Vocabulary may indeed refer to
the collection of words known by an individual
or by a large group of people.
It may also signify the body of specialized terms
in a field of study or activity (“the vocabulary of science”).
It may designate a physical object,
such as a book, in which a collection of (usually alphabetized) words is defined or explained.
And it may name things other than words,
such as “a list or collection of terms or codes available for use,”
“a set or list of nonverbal symbols” (such as marine alphabet flag signals), and “a set of expressive forms used in an art”
(as in “the vocabulary of dance”).
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
dictionary & glossary & thesaurus
A dictionary is a book containing a selection of words,
usually arranged alphabetically, concerning which information
about meaning, pronunciations, etymologies,
and a wealth of other detail is provided:
“The Frenchmen purchased a dictionary of the English language.”
A glossary is a specialized dictionary,
a list of terms in a particular subject, area of usage, or field of study:
“This is a glossary of recent American slang.”
“At the end of this volume you will find a glossary of terms that may be unfamiliar to you.”
A glossary is designed to explain or define terms
but usually does not deal with pronunciation, derivation,
and other information provided by a dictionary.
A thesaurus is still another kind of specialized dictionary,
one that usually confines itself
to a treatment of synonyms and antonyms:
“Roget’s International Thesaurus is a helpful book
for everyone who writes, speaks, or reads.”
Dictionary.com:
MORE ABOUT THESAURUS
What is a thesaurus?
A thesaurus is a book or program
that lists synonyms and antonyms of words.
A thesaurus can be a book you can find in a library, a website
(such as Thesaurus.com),
or a database stored in a word processor
(such as the one you can find in Microsoft Word).
The plural of thesaurus is thesauruses or thesauri.
A synonym is a word that has the same meaning as another word.
For example,
huge, gigantic, massive, and large are synonyms of the word big.
An antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning of another word.
Small, tiny, and little are antonyms of the word big.
Thesauri are useful when you want
to avoid using the same word over and over
or need a fancy word to describe something
as being “not good” or “not fun.”
Why is thesaurus important?
The first records of the term thesaurus come from around 1730.
It ultimately comes from the Greek thēsaurós,
meaning “treasure” or “treasury.”
While the word thesaurus can mean a “treasury” or “storehouse,”
this usage is very rare.
Instead, thesaurus almost always
refers to books, websites, or programs
that are treasuries of synonyms and antonyms.
Repeatedly using the same word over and over
is likely to bore or disinterest a reader.
Even experienced authors like to keep a thesaurus handy
to spice up their writing and possibly learn some new interesting words.
Luckily, a fantastic thesaurus is readily available for anyone to use at Thesaurus.com.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Did you know?
In the early 19th century, archaeologists borrowed the Latin word
thesaurus to denote an ancient treasury, such as that in a temple.
Soon after, the word was metaphorically applied
to a book containing a treasury of words or information
about a particular field.
In 1852, the English scholar Peter Mark Roget published his
Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases,
in which he listed a treasury of semantically related words
organized into numerous categories.
This work led to the common acceptance of the term thesaurus
to refer to "a book of words and their synonyms."
The word developed another meaning in the 1950s,
when thesaurus began being used in the field of word processing
to refer to a list of related terms used for indexing and retrieval.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Roget's Thesaurus
More than just a collection of related words
—Peter Mark Roget intended his Thesaurus
to be a classification of all knowledge
JOSHUA KENDALL
Though nearly everyone is familiar with the Roget’s Thesaurus,
few people know anything about Peter Mark Roget,
the eminent 19th century physician, physiology expert, mathematician, inventor, writer, editor and chess whiz
—and what motivated him to write his immortal book.
Photo: Peter Mark Roget (1779-1869). Photograph by Ernest Edwards, 1867
Roget was obsessed with symmetry.
The 1852 Thesaurus divvied 1,000 concepts into six Linnaean classifications.
We tend to think of a thesaurus
as a collection of synonyms and antonyms.
But Roget’s is essentially a reverse dictionary.
With a dictionary, the user looks up a word to find its meaning. With Roget’s, the user start with an idea
and then keeps flipping through the book
until he finds the word that best expresses it.
The organization of the book reflects
the unique intelligence of the polymath that created it.
Obsessed with words ever since he began studying Latin
as a schoolboy, Roget completed a first draft of the Thesaurus
(the Latin word for “treasure” or “treasury”) in 1805, when he was just 26.
Then working as a physician in Manchester,
Roget managed to crank out this string of word lists in less than a year.
However, it was not until his retirement from science in 1848,
at the age of 69,
that Roget took on the challenge of finishing the Thesaurus.
The still spry Roget worked nonstop for nearly four years
to prepare the book for publication.
He would continue to tinker with his masterpiece
until his death at the age of ninety in 1869,
having watched over the publication of some 28 editions.
Roget’s Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases Classified and Arranged so to Assist in Literary
Composition clearly bore the stamp of its creator.
Roget’s was a two-for-one:
it put both a book of synonyms and a topic dictionary
(a compendium of thematically arranged concepts) under one cover.
Borrowing the principles of zoological classification,
Roget arranged all knowledge—not just words.
Just as his hero,
the 18th century naturalist Carl Linnaeus divided animals into six classes,
Roget divvied up his 1000 concepts as follows:
I Abstract Relations
II Space
III Matter
IV Intellect
V Volition
VI Affections
The first edition actually contains 1002 concepts,
but Roget was a stickler for symmetry.
Upon discovering that he had a couple too many,
he numbered “Absence of Intellect” 450a and “Indiscrimination” 465a.
The 1000 headings of the 1852 edition were arranged not alphabetically but according to where a given idea fit within Roget’s classification system.
In that edition, the first entry is “Existence”
(which falls under the first class, Abstract Relations).
The purpose is to help readers find le mot juste for a given idea
—say “being” or “reality” for existence.
Shortly before publication,
Roget decided to insert an alphabetical index as an appendix,
thus enabling readers to use the
Thesaurus as a convention book of synonyms
—without necessarily having to delve into its complex philosophical underpinnings.
Since first rolling off the presses of London’s Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans in June 1852,
Roget’s Thesaurus of English Words And Phrases has emerged
as one of the most recognizable books in the English language.
Roget’s has sold more than 40 million copies,
and has become a proprietary eponym like Coke, Kleenex, or Google.
ความเห็น (0)
ไม่มีความเห็น