2022-02-04 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – D – depends & dependant & dependent
2022-02-04
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – D – depends & dependant & dependent
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Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง depend = “dih-PEND”
ออกเสียง dependant (US) or dependent = “dih-PEN-duhnt”
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
Depends & depends on
In casual speech, we say
“it depends who plays the best defense";
but in writing follow “depends” with “on.”
The A-Z of Correct English Common Errors in English Dictionary:
dependant & dependent
The adjective (meaning reliant) is always -ent.
She is a widow with five DEPENDENT children.
I am absolutely DEPENDENT on a pension.
The noun (meaning someone who is dependent)
has traditionally been spelt -ant.
However, the American practice of writing
either -ant or -ent for the noun has now spread here. (England)
Either spelling is now considered correct for the noun
but be aware that some conservative readers
would consider this slipshod.
She has five DEPENDANTS/ DEPENDENTS
Collins COBUILD English Usage:
depend
1. 'depend on'
If you depend on someone or something or depend upon them,
you need them in order to survive.
At college Julie seemed to depend on Simon more and more.
Uruguay's economy has depended heavily on its banking sector.
The factories depend upon natural resources.
If one thing depends on another thing,
the first thing is affected by the second.
The success of the meeting depends largely on whether the chairperson is efficient.
The cooking time depends on the size of the potato.
Be Careful!
Depend is never an adjective.
Don't say, for example, that someone or something
'is depend on' another person or thing.
You say that they are dependent on that person or thing.
The local economy is dependent on oil and gas extraction.
2. 'depending on'
You use depending on to say that
something varies according to particular circumstances.
There are, depending on the individual, a lot of different approaches.
They cost £20 or £25 depending on the size.
3. 'it depends'
Sometimes people answer a question by saying 'It depends',
rather than 'yes' or 'no'.
They usually then explain what else affects the situation.
'What time will you arrive?' 'It depends. If I come by train, I'll arrive at 5 o'clock. If I come by bus, I'll be a bit later.'
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language:
Usage Note:
In standard writing,
depend is followed by on or upon
when indicating condition or contingency,
as in It depends on who is in charge.
Omission of the preposition is typical of casual speech.
Collins COBUILD English Usage:
dependent – dependant
1. used as an adjective
If you are dependent on someone or something,
you need them in order to survive.
At first, a patient may feel very dependent on the nurses.
...those who are entirely dependent for their welfare on the public services.
All competitively priced newspapers became dependent on advertising.
2. used as a noun
In British English,
your dependants are the people who you support financially,
such as your children.
...shorter or more flexible working hours for people with dependants.
In American English, this noun is usually spelled dependent.
Employees and their dependents are seeking help in greater numbers.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Is it ever correct to use dependant instead of dependent?
The simple answer to the question of
when dependant should be preferred to dependent is
—for the American writer, anyway—maybe never.
But that's only the simple answer.
In British English, dependant tends to be used for the noun,
as in "a person's spouse and dependants,"
while dependent is the usual choice for the adjective,
as in "a person's spouse and dependent children."
In American English, dependent typically does both jobs.
This wasn't always the case:
dependant is the older of the pair.
The word is derived from French dépendant,
which was borrowed into English during the Middle Ages
with two different meanings: a literal one, "hanging down" (dépendant
is the present participle of the French verb dépendre,
meaning "to hang down”)
and an extended one, “determined or conditioned by another.”
For two centuries, the English adjective
was frequently spelledwith final -ant or -aunt.
But in the 16th century,
the spelling of the word began to shift toward the -ent ending,
influenced by the Latin form of the word, dēpendēnt.
It is this Latinized spelling of the adjective
that is predominately foundin American and British English today.
The French-derived dependant, however, still has life across the pond
—as a noun.
The noun form is newer; it dates to the early 16th century,
around the time that the spelling of the word was shifting.
Why the -ant spelling for the noun had more staying power in British English is unknown.
As the Oxford English Dictionary notes,
it was possibly influenced by other nouns,
such as defendant and assistant.
In summary,
dependant can be used for the noun
in either British or American English,
but dependent for either noun or adjective
is a safe choice in American English.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
How to Use 'Dependent' and 'Dependant'
To be safe, use 'dependant' as a noun ... and in Britain.
What to Know
The difference between dependent and dependant is
merely a matter of preferred spelling.
"Dependent" is the dominant form in American English
for both the noun and adjective,
while in British English, "dependant" is more common for the noun.
"Dependent" is still used to indicate the adjective form in British English but its use in this form is uncommon.
The suffixes -ant and -ent are alike in sound and meaning,
and they often give a noun or adjective variant spellings.
For instance,
propellant is the common spelling,
but propellent is an accepted less-common variant.
On the flip side,
the -ent ending of repellent prevails over repellant.
Truly, there's nothing holding back a writer
who wants to use a standard variant
(provided they can take the inevitable criticism).
That said, if dependant is being considered in place of dependent,
there are a couple things to heed.
Origin of Dependent and Dependant
Though dependant is older,
dependent dominates in American English;
thus, the -ant spelling might be read as a mistake.
Additionally, in British English,
the spellings function more as indicators of parts of speech
than as variants:
dependent tends to be used for the adjective
and dependant for the noun.
The word is derived from French dépendant,
which was borrowed into English with its French meaning of
"hanging down" in the 14th century.
(Dépendant is the present participle of dépendre,
meaning "to hang down.")
Toward the end of the 16th century,
the adjective was applied to things
decided or determined by something else,
as in "a conclusion that is dependant on a premise."
Later, dependant came to describe people—especially children
—who rely on the support of another.
About the same time,
the spelling of the word began to shift toward the -ent ending,influenced by the Latin form of the word, dēpendēnt.
It is this Latinized spelling of the adjective
that is predominately found in American and British English today.
The French-derived dependant, however, still has life across the pond.
Noun Form
As for the noun form,
it also appears in the early 16th century
in reference to something attached to something else
—for example, a consequence to an action or an appurtenance.
And it, too, began to be freely spelled with either suffix.
Later in the century, the word was applied to a person
who looks to another for support
—as in one of those aforementioned children who are dependent.
With adjectival use of the word becoming less frequent,
the convention of using dependant as the preferred spelling for the noun
in British English is useful to help keep them sorted.
For American English,
you'll be covered either way if you stick to dependent,
but you have a defensible position should you choose otherwise
(and use it as a noun).
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