2022-01-31 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – C - custom & practice & habit
2022-01-31
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – C - custom & practice & habit
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ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง custom = “KUHS-tuhm”
ออกเสียง practice = “PRAK-tis”
ออกเสียง habit = “HAB-it”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions
custom & practice &, habit
Each of these words refers to an accustomed
or established way of doing things.
Each can be applied to the activities
of people, animals, or entire communities.
Custom refers particularly to the practice
and preservation of social activity or usage:
“It is a community custom to go to church on Sunday,”
Practice is closely allied in meaning to custom
but applies particularly to an unvarying procedure:
“It is the practice of a careful man to balance his checkbook.”
Habit, applied especiallyto people and animals,
refers to the repetition of an action
so constantly that the act becomes natural or spontaneous:
“John has a habit of counting to 10 before he answers any question.”
“Our dog has a habit of turning around before laying down.”
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree:
Custom = a practice followed as a matter of course among a people;
= a habitual practice of an individual:
It is her custom to take a walk every night before dinner.
Not to be confused with:
costume – a style of clothing typical of a particular time, country, or people;
- a set of clothes appropriate for a particular occasion:
a Halloween costume
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Habit – custom
1. 'habit'
A habit is something that a person does often or regularly.
He had a nervous habit of biting his nails.
Try to get out of the habit of adding unnecessary salt in cooking.
2. 'custom'
A custom is something that people in a society do
at a particular time of year or in a particular situation.
It is the custom to take chocolates
or fruit when visiting a patient in hospital.
My wife likes all the old English customs.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Choose the Right Synonym for custom
Noun
Habit, Practice, Usage, Custom, Wont
mean a way of acting fixed through repetition.
Habit implies a doing unconsciously and often compulsively.
had a habit of tapping his fingers
Practice suggests an act or method followed with regularity and usually through choice.
our practice is to honor all major credit cards
Usage suggests a customary action so generally followed that it has become a social norm.
western-style dress is now common usage in international business
Custom applies to a practice or usage so steadily associated with an individual or group as to have almost the force of unwritten law.
the custom of wearing black at funerals
Wont usually applies to a habitual manner, method, or practice of an individual or group.
as was her wont, she slept until noon
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
A Nun's 'Habit' & A Mini-Skirt
They have more in common than you might think.
The old adage “clothes make the man”
means, basically, that the way we appear reveals our character.
The way we dress, in addition to our bearing and our actions,
becomes a reflection of our personality.
These are the things that other people see.
These are the things that other people judge.
It was ever thus.
In Hamlet, the famous scene in which
Polonius gives his son long-winded advice
(“Neither a borrower nor a lender be”)
includes the line
“the apparel oft proclaims the man.”
But notice what immediately precedes this sartorial remark:
The word habit in this instance means “clothing”
and not “something that a person does often
in a regular and repeated way.”
This is, in fact, the oldest meaning of habit in English,
one that is preserved today only in “nun’s habit” or “monk’s habit”
and “riding habit” (clothes worn for horseback riding).
But these slightly unusual terms for costume
for a particular profession or purpose
were derived from the basic meaning of “clothing,”
which is now archaic.
Like so many Latin-based words that appeared in English
in the centuries following the Norman Conquest,
habit comes from French.
Indeed, the modern French word for “clothes” is habits
(pronounced \ah-bee\).
Use of the word in Middle English by Chaucer
is found in The Canterbury Tales:
In English,
habit progressed from meaning “clothing”
to “clothing for a particular profession or purpose”
to “bearing, conduct, behavior”
—the word’s very evolution seems to mirror the premise
that “the clothes make the man.”
From “what one wears” to “how one conducts oneself,”
habit continued to evolve,
referring to appearance (“a man of fleshy habit”)
and mental makeup (“a philosophical habit”)
before, after several centuries in English,
it came to mean repeated activity:
“a behavior pattern acquired by frequent repetition.”
Shakespeare, never one to shy away from polysemy,
used habit with this meaning also,
in a passage from Two Gentlemen of Verona:
The specific development of habit
to refer to drug addiction began in the 19th century,
with reference to opium.
Interestingly, even though
“clothing” is the oldest meaning of habit in English,
it wasn’t the original meaning of its root word, habitus.
In Latin, the original meaning was “state of being” or “condition.”
Our most usual use of habit today,
“acquired mode of behavior,” didn’t exist in Latin
—habitus went from meaning “condition”
to “how one conducts oneself”
to “clothing.”
That it was adapted into English in precisely the reverse order
is an accident of history;
the order of meanings absorbed from one language to another
rarely constitutes a logical development.
As with all language, meaning is established by usage and force of habit.
Dictionary.com:
MORE ABOUT CUSTOM
What does custom mean?
As a noun, custom means a longstanding practice of a person
(such as a daily habit)
or a group (such as a cultural practice).
As an adjective,
custom describes something made to unique specifications,
especially something one of a kind.
Its synonym is custom-made.
The word customs with an s refers to fees paid on imported goods,
or the government department that handles such things.
It is also the name of the checkpoint in the airport
where incoming luggage and goods are inspected for prohibited items.
Example:
When I travel abroad, it’s my custom to bring home
a custom-made souvenir that highlights the artistic customs
of the people who live in that place.
The items are usually very unique, which often leads
to a lot of questions when I go through customs at the airport!
Where does custom come from?
Custom has been in use in English since at least 1200. It comes from the Middle English custume, from the Old French costume,
tracing all the way back to the Latin consuēscere, which
means “to grow accustomed to” and comes from the Latin suēscere,
“to be used to.”
Sociologists tend to think of customs
as cultural habits that are passed down from generation to generation.
A similar word is tradition.
For Americans,
a common Thanksgiving custom is having a large dinner,
especially turkey.
Customs vary from place to place based on the culture,
and the word is often used in phrases
like local custom and national custom.
Customs can also be personal,
such as
getting a coffee on the way to work every day,
or eating at the same restaurant every Friday.
Relatedly,
the word customer is based on the same root,
and the regular customers
of a business are sometimes referred to collectively
as its custom (though this usage is uncommon).
Custom as an adjective
means that something was made or prepared
especially for you.
A trendy way of saying this is bespoke.
Dictionary.com:
PRACTICE VS. PRACTISE
What’s the difference between practice and practise?
In British English (and many other international varieties of English),
the spelling practice is used when the word is a noun,
while the spelling practise is used when it’s a verb.
In American English,
the spelling practice is always used,
regardless of whether the word is used as a verb or a noun.
This is somewhat similar
to the difference in spelling between advice (noun) and advise (verb)
—a distinction that’s used in both British and American English.
However, unlike advice and advise,
practice and practise are always pronounced the same.
Here is an example of
how practice and practise would be used
in the same sentence in British English.
Example:
Remember, practice makes perfect
—the more you practise, the better you will get.
Dictionary.com:
Practice vs. Practise
Published May 2, 2019
If you’ve ever wondered why it’s spelled practice
in some contexts and practise in others,
it mainly comes down to British versus American spelling.
In British English,
which is also called International English,
practise is a verb and practice is a noun.
American English tends to avoid practise altogether,
using practice as both the noun and verb form.
How do you use the noun practice?
As a noun, practice means a “habit or custom”
(as in a religious practice).
It can also mean “repeated exercise to acquire a skill”
(e.g., practice makes perfect),
or “the pursuit of a profession”
(e.g., she just retired from her medical practice).
This noun sense of practice is used
by both British and American English.
How do you use the verb practice/practise?
In American English, practice is also used as the verb.
It means “to do something repeatedly in order to master it”
or “to pursue as an occupation or art.”
So a churchgoer can practice their religion,
just as a student might practice the violin.
In British English, the verb form of the word is rendered as practise.
So in the above examples,
our churchgoer practises their religion,
while our student practises their instrument.
This convention is true of British, Canadian, and Australian English.
What other words end in –ice and –ise?
While Britain and American can’t quite agree
on how to use practice vs. practise,
they can at least agree on advice and advise.
In both International and American English,
advise is the verb (e.g., she advised him against smoking),
while advice is the noun (e.g., he ignored her advice and smoked anyway).
But the above convention is not true of all –ice words.
Service is a word where both its verb and noun forms end in -ice.
In the sentence “He serviced her car,” service is a verb.
Meanwhile, in “she tipped well for the service,” service is also a noun.
These words are used this same way throughout the English-speaking world.
Similarly, there are also several words
that end in -ise for both the verb and noun forms of the word.
Promise, surprise, merchandise, and franchise
all fall into this category for both International and American English.
Why do these endings vary?
The British often use –ise for verbs (organise, civilise, realise),
but that doesn’t mean the -ize ending (organize, civilize, realize) is unique to American English.
Preference is divided in the UK,
with the Oxford English Dictionary favoring -ize.
Examples of organize date all the way back to 1425.
The use –ise or -ize depends in part on a word’s origin.
The ending of -ize corresponds to words of Greek origin,
while -ise follows the French roots of some words.
Practice/practise is derived from the Old French words pratiser and practicer (“to practice”).
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Practice - practise
In British English, practice is a noun and practise is a verb.
1. used as an uncountable noun
Practice involves doing something regularly
in order to improve your ability at it.
Your skiing will get better with practice.
He has to do a lot of music practice.
2. used as a countable noun
A practice is something that is done regularly,
for example as a custom.
Our usal practice is to keep a written record of all meetings.
The ancient practice of yoga is still popular today.
3. used as a verb
If you practise something, you do it or take part in it regularly.
I had been practising the piece for months.
His family practised traditional Judaism.
In American English, the spelling 'practise' is not normally used.
The verb and noun are both spelled practice.
I practiced throwing and catching the ball every day.
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