2022-01-24 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – C - compose & comprise & include
2022-01-24
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – C - compose & comprise & include
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง compose = “kuhm=POHZ”
ออกเสียง comprise = “kuhm-PHAHYZ”
ออกเสียง include = “in-KLOOD”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
compose & comprise & include
Each of these words involves
the idea of containing, embracing, comprehending, or surrounding
as, for example, a whole in reference to its parts.
Compose has the additional meaning of making, or forming,
by combining things:
“This chemical compound is composed of five elements.”
Comprise suggests including or containing:
“This section of the book comprise ten different subjects.”
To include is to contain as a part of member:
“The list of names includes yours and mine.”
Use comprise when all parts are named or referred to
and include when only some are.
“Comprised of” is a wordy expression. Omit the of.
The A-Z of Correct English Common Errors in English Dictionary:
compose & comprise
The report IS COMPOSED OF ten sections. (= is made up of)
The report COMPRISES ten sections. (= contains)
Never use the construction ‘is comprised of .
It is always incorrect grammatically.
Dictionary.com:
HISTORICAL USAGE OF COMPRISE
Comprise has had an interesting history of sense development.
In addition to its original senses, dating from the 15th century,
“to include” and “to consist of ”
(The United States of America comprises 50 state ),
comprise has had since the late 18th century the meaning
“to form or constitute”
(Fifty states comprise the United States of America).
Since the late 19th century it has also been used in passive constructions with a sense synonymous with that of one of its original meanings
“to consist of, be composed of ”:
The United States of America is comprised of 50 states.
These later uses are often criticized,
but they occur with increasing frequency
even in formal speech and writing.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Comprise vs. Compose: Usage Guide
Although it has been in use since the late 18th century,
sense 2 is still attacked as wrong.
Why it has been singled out is not clear,
but until comparatively recent times
it was found chiefly in scientific or technical writing
rather than belles lettres.
Our current evidence shows a slight shift in usage:
sense 2 is somewhat more frequent in recent literary use than the earlier senses.
You should be aware, however, that if you use sense 2
you may be subject to criticism for doing so,
and you may want to choose a safer synonym
such as compose or make up.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Did you know?
Comprise has undergone a substantial shift in usage
since first appearing in English in the 15th century.
For many years, grammarians insisted that the usage of comprise
meaning "to be made up of,"
as in phrases like "a team comprising nine players," was correct,
and that comprise meaning "to make up,"
as in phrases like "the nine players who comprise the team," was not.
This disputed use is most common in the passive construction
"to be comprised of,"
as in "a team comprised of nine players."
Until relatively recently,
this less-favored sense appeared mostly in scientific writing,
but current evidence shows that it is now somewhat more common
in general use than the word's other meanings.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
Can You Use 'Comprised of'?
It's been in use for centuries. So, maybe.
What to Know
Although comprised of is an established standard
for "being composed or constituted of,"
it is often liable to criticism and scrutiny.
The correct version put forward by grammar guides
is to use "composed of" or "comprises"
such as "the cake is composed of flour and eggs"
or "comprises flour and eggs."
Beginning in the early 20th century,
a number of usage guides decided that
there was something wrong with the way
that some writers used comprise.
The sense meaning "to be made up of" was fine
("the compound comprises seven buildings"),
but the one meaning "compose, constitute,"
which is most familiar in the passive voice, was found objectionable
("the compound is comprised of seven buildings").
In the active voice,
we clearly see that the meaning does in fact stand
in awkward opposition to the "to be made up of"
meaning ("seven buildings comprise the compound").
The Brothers Fowler made note of the construction
comprised of in their book The King's English.
Although the mention is quite brief,
they appear to have, somewhat half-heartedly,
suggested using composed of or comprising rather than comprised of.
The "Rule" Around 'Comprised Of'
This restriction on the use of comprise
may be neatly summed up by quoting usage writer Roy Copperud,
who in 1970 averred
"The whole comprises the parts; thus is comprised of is wrong."
The combination of comprised with of is hardly new;
although not the earliest sense of the word it has been in use for hundreds of years.
Historical and Moderns Usage of 'Comprised Of'
It should be noted that
simply having been in use for hundreds of years
does not necessarily make a construction correct.
However, it should also be noted that
a body of writers deciding that
a well-established usage is wrong does not necessarily
make a construction incorrect.
There is considerable evidence of comprised of
in well-edited publications throughout the 20th century:
Even if you despise comprised of
and have made it your life's work to expunge it from the writing of others,
chances are very good that
you never approached the level of dedication
exhibited by the Wikipedia editor who, over a period of years,
deleted tens of thousands of uses of comprised of from that website
(in addition to writing a 5,000 word explanatory article).
It seems safe to say that few of us have this level of animus
towards any particular use of a word.
Many people see nothing wrong with comprised of,
although they still might feel apprehensive about using it,
given that there are others who so strongly object to its use.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Choose the Right Synonym for include
Include, Comprehend, Embrace, Involve
mean to contain within as part of the whole.
Include suggests the containment of something as a constituent, component, or subordinate part of a larger whole.
the price of dinner includes dessert
Comprehend implies that something comes within the scope of a statement or definition.
his system comprehends all history
Embrace implies a gathering of separate items within a whole.
her faith embraces both Christian and non-Christian beliefs
Involve suggests inclusion by virtue of the nature of the whole, whether by being its natural or inevitable consequence.
the new job involves a lot of detail
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language:
in·clud′a·ble, in·clud′i·ble adj.
Synonyms: include, comprise, comprehend, embrace, encompass
These verbs mean to take in or contain as part of something larger.
Include often implies an incomplete listing:
"Through the process of amendment, interpretation and
court decision I have finally been included
in 'We, the people'" (Barbara C. Jordan).
Comprise usually implies that all of the components are stated:
The book comprises 15 chapters.
Comprehend, embrace, and encompass usually refer to the taking in of subordinate elements:
My field of study comprehends several disciplines.
This theory embraces many facets of human behavior.
The debate encompassed all points of view.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Trend Watch
'Comprised of' or 'composed of'? One man has an answer .
When:
Lookups spiked on February 4, 2015.
Why:
An article about one particularly enthusiastic Wikipedia editor
went viral among word nerds.
It turns out that one man has made over 47,000 changes to Wikipedia articles, nearly all of them in order to change the phrase
"comprised of" - his language pet peeve.
Comprise means "to include" or "to be made up of,"
as in
"The play comprised three acts" or
"Each army division comprised 4500 troops."
Another meaning, "to compose" or "to constitute"
(as in
"The parts comprise the whole" or "A game is comprised of nine innings") has been attacked as wrong
- especially in the passive form "is comprised of" - for about 100 years.
Since using "comprised of" may cause others to criticize your writing,
it's safer to choose a synonym
such as "compose" or "make up"
("A game is made up of nine innings").
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language:
com·pris′a·ble adj.
Usage Note:
The traditional rule states
that the whole comprises the parts
and the parts compose the whole.
In strict usage:
The Union comprises 50 states.
Fifty states compose (or make up) the Union.
Even though many writers maintain this distinction,
comprise is often used in place of compose,
especially in the passive:
The Union is comprised of 50 states.
Our surveys show that
opposition to this usage has abated but has not disappeared.
In the 1960s, 53 percent of the Usage Panel found this usage unacceptable; by 1996, the proportion objecting had declined to 35 percent;
and by 2011, it had fallen a bit more, to 32 percent.
See Usage Note at include.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language:
Usage Note:
The word include generally suggests that
what follows is a partial list, not an exhaustive list,
of the contents of what the subject refers to.
Therefore a sentence like
New England includes Connecticut and Rhode Island is acceptable,
since it implies that
there are states that are also a part of New England
but are not mentioned in the list, and in fact this is correct.
When a full enumeration is given, a different construction,
such as one using comprise or consist of, must be used:
New England comprises/consists of (not includes) Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.
There are cases, however,
in which include does not rule out the possibility of a complete listing,
as when the exact makeup of the subject is unknown
or yet to be determined.
Thus the sentence
The bibliography should include all the journal articles you have used
does not entail that
the bibliography must contain something other than journal articles,
though it does leave that possibility open.
Another case
in which the list following include may be exhaustive
is when the list explicitly or implicitly describes what is not included.
Thus, We decided to include only those artists
who had written works within the last five years is acceptable,
since the set of artists not included
is implicitly defined as
those who have not written works within the last five years.
The same goes for cases of explicit exclusion from the list:
My shopping list includes everything you told me to buy, and nothing else. See Usage Note at comprise.
Collins COBUILD English Usage:
comprise
1. 'comprise'
You say that something comprises particular things
when you are mentioning all its parts.
The village's facilities comprised one public toilet and two telephones.
2. 'be composed of' and 'consist of'
You can also say that something is composed of
or consists of particular things.
There is no difference in meaning.
The body is composed of many kinds of cells, such as muscle, bone, nerve, and fat.
The committee consists of scientists and engineers.
Be Careful!
Don't use a passive form of consist of.
Don't say, for example,
'The committee is consisted of scientists and engineers'.
3. 'constitute'
Constitute works in the opposite way to the verbs just mentioned.
If a number of things or people constitute something,
they are the parts or members that form it.
Volunteers constitute more than 95% of The Center's work force.
4. 'make up'
Make up can be used in either an active or passive form.
In its active form, it has the same meaning as constitute.
Women made up two-fifths of the audience.
In its passive form, it is followed by of
and has the same meaning as be composed of.
All substances are made up of molecules.
Nearly half the Congress is made up of lawyers.
Be Careful!
Don't use a progressive form of any of these verbs.
Don't say, for example,
'The committee is consisting of scientists and engineers'.
Collins COBUILD English Usage:
include
If one thing includes another, it has that thing as one of its parts.
He is a former president of the Campania region, which includes Naples.
A good British breakfast always includes sausages.
Be Careful!
You do not use 'include' when mentioning all the parts of something.
Instead, you use a word such as comprise.
ความเห็น (0)
ไม่มีความเห็น