2022-01-16 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – C – Chicano & Latino & Hispanic

Revision C

2022-01-16

ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – C – Chicano & Latino & Hispanic

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ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค

 

Dictionary.com:

ออกเสียง Chicano = “chi-KAH-noh” or “chi-KAN-OH” 

ออกเสียง Latino = “luh-TEE-noh”

ออกเสียง Hispanic = “hi-SPAN-ik”

 

Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:

Chicano & Latino & Hispanic

” Chicano” means “Mexican-American,” 

and not all the people denoted by this term like it. 

 

When speaking of people from various other Spanish-speaking countries, “Chicano” is an error for “Latino” or "Hispanic.”

Only “Hispanic” can include people with a Spanish 

as well as with a Latin American heritage; 

and only “Latino” could logically include 

Portuguese-speaking Brazilians, though that is rarely done.

 

Dictionary.com:

ABOUT THIS WORD

What does Chicano mean?

A Chicano is a person who is Mexican American.   

In other words, it’s someone of Mexican descent 

who was born in or now lives in the United States, 

as in Although Jorge loves living in the United States, he remains a proud Chicano, frequently visiting his Mexican hometown.

 

Chicano is also used as an adjective to describe 

Mexican American people or things involving them or their culture, 

as in Rosa loved Chicano food so much that she became a chef and opened a popular Chicano restaurant. 

 

Chicano comes from Mexican Spanish, a language that uses gendered nouns. 

Chicano is the masculine form, while Chicana is the feminineform.    

Chinan@ and Chicanx are sometimes used as gender-neutral forms.

As with any term that refers to a person’s identity, 

it is best to ask the person what term they prefer to identify themselves with. 

 

Even if a person fits the dictionary definition of Chicano,

they might prefer to be identified by another term, 

such as Mexican American, American, Mexican, Hispanic, or Latino. 

Example: 

The ad campaign was targeted at the city’s large Chicano population, 

who were proud of their Mexican heritage.

 

Where does Chicano come from?

The first records of Chicano come from around 1960. 

It comes from Mexican Spanish by shortening and altering the word mexicano,

meaning “Mexican.”

In particular, Chicano wasused during the Chicano Movement of the 1960s, 

which emphasized a Mexican American identity and brought attention to the oppression and discrimination of Mexican Americans. 

The term la raza,which refers to Mexicans and Mexican Americans, 

was also used during this time.

 

Dictionary.com:

“Hispanic” vs. “Latino”: When To Use Each Term

Published September 15, 2020

From boxes on census forms to drop-down menus onjob applications, 

we often see Hispanic and Latino positioned side by side, 

seemingly as interchangeable terms to describe the race 

and heritage of a population 

that makes up nearly 20% of the United States.

 

It’s easy to see why these two words 

are so often conflated and frequently confused. 

But Hispanic and Latino are properly used for different purposes, 

and describe qualities of two different populations 

that sometimes overlap and sometimes don’t.

 

Over the last several decades, as the evolution

—and some might say revolution

—of American culture and politics has paved 

the way for more nuanced discussions about race and heritage, 

the discrepancies between the words have widened. 

But even today,Hispanic and Latino, or the gender-neutral Latinx,remain inherently entangled, and are still easily misused 

by even the most perspicacious student of geography.

 

It might sound complicated, but don’t fret! 

There’s a key to knowing when to use one or the other: 

one term is related to the language and 

the other to the land and culture.

 

Let’s explore 

the distinctions between Hispanic and Latino and Latina (and Latinx).

 

🔑 Key message about language use

When it comes to the words themselves, 

there’s an important difference to Hispanic and Latino:

 

Hispanic specifically concerns 

the Spanish-language-speaking Latin America and Spain.

Latino and Latina specifically concern 

those coming from Latin American countries and cultures, 

regardless of whether the person speaks Spanish.

Latinx is a gender-neutral alternative for Latino/a.

 

In another way of looking at it, 

Hispanic is linguistic and Latino is terrestrial.

 

What does Hispanic mean?

Hispanic is an adjective that generally means 

“relating to Spanish-speaking Latin America” 

or to “people of Spanish-speaking descent.” 

 

It can also be used as a noun when referring to 

a US resident who is “of Spanish or Spanish-speaking Latin-American descent.”

 

In popular use, Hispanic can generally be used 

to describe anyone from (or descended from) 

Spanish-speaking parts of Latin America, the Caribbean, or Spain itself.

 

First recorded in English in the late 1500s, 

Hispanic derives from the Latin hispānicus, adjective of Hispānia,

meaning and source of the name Spain. 

Historically in English, Hispanic referred to Spain 

and its peoplein the Iberian peninsula. 

 

By at least the early 1900s, there is some record 

of use of Hispanic to refer to lands and people 

colonized by the Spanish 

in the Americas—the so-called “New World.”

 

How activists got Hispanic onto the US census

But Hispanic didn’t spread in the American English lexicon 

until at least the mid-1970s. 

Up until this point, many US residents 

of Central American, South American, and Caribbean 

descent  had usually been compelled,without any other option, 

to check the boxes marked “White” or “Black” on official forms.

 

In the 1970s, activists began lobbying the US Census Bureau 

to group together Americans descended 

from Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico and elsewhere in Latin America,

rather than ask them to declare an origin from a particular country,

as they had to do on the 1970 Census. 

 

These activists, inspired by the Civil Rights movement, 

were seeking the new designation as part of a push 

for equality and a recognition of diversity, 

and a new term they believed  would highlight the differences 

and hardships these residents faced 

as a result of their shared Central and South American provenance.

The activists were successful. 

 

In the mid-70s, a young Mexican-American government worker, 

Grace Flores-Hughes, and a diverse group 

of Spanish-speaking federal employees 

were tasked with selecting a word for a new federally defined heritage categoryfor the 1980 US census. 

 

Their goal was to find a single term 

that encompassed the burgeoning Mexican, Cuban, and Puerto Rican populations in US states. 

After much deliberation, they landed on Hispanic.

 

The term caught on, and thanks in part to a boost in popularity from ads aired on Univision and during Spanish-language TV shows, 

Hispanic becamea more broadly acceptable label.

 

What does Latino mean?

Latino is an adjective and a noun that describes a person 

“of Latin American origin or descent,” 

especially one who lives in the United States. 

 

The form Latina refers to a Latin American woman.

Latino is recorded as early as the mid-1940s in the United States 

ultimately shortened from the Spanish latinoamericano (“Latin American”),

 but it wasn’t included on the US census for the first time until 2000

—20 years after “Hispanic.”

 

The reason for the inclusion of Latino? 

Hispanic provedtoo narrow a term 

because it excluded people descended from South America’s 

largest country, Brazil. Portuguese, 

the primary language of Brazil, may not be Spanish, 

but it is also a Romance language

—that is, it evolved from Latin, hence the term Latin America. 

Latin America is the part of the American continents 

south of the United States in which 

Spanish, Portuguese, or French is officially spoken 

(as a result of European colonialism).

 

What does Latinx mean?

Latinx emerged in the early 2000s and has since spread 

as a gender-neutral or nonbinary way 

to refer to a person of Latin American descent. 

 

The character x has been used to replace 

the gendered inflections -o and -a. 

The spelling Latinx has been embraced by groups 

that wish to include members whose gender identities are nonbinary.

 

The term Latinx has been used since the early 2000s, particularly online,

with other early uses found in scholarly and academic works. 

 

In the US, the LGBTQ 

and activist communities were among the first to embrace it. 

In Puerto Rico, the gender-neutral Spanish terms hermanx (“sibling”) and niñx (“child”) had already been in use for years 

and set a precedentfor Latinx.

But the term has received criticism 

because the Spanish language, as some detractors point out, 

nouns in Spanish are gendered. 

 

For example, 

there is nothing particularly female about a library (la biblioteca), 

or male about a museum (el museo), 

but as you can see, the nouns end with the gendered -o or -a. 

When nouns and the words that modify them refer to people, 

the gender inflection reflects the sex of the person described. 

 

The final vowels distinguish between the smart boy (el chico listo)

and the smart girl (la chica lista). 

So Latinx has been viewed by some as an imperialistic effort

originating in the US that breaks the rules of the Spanish language.

 

An important—and perhaps surprising—note on Latinx: 

according to one 2019 poll, the vast majority of Hispanic 

and Latin Americans say they do not identify with the word.

 

Recognizing indigenous and Black cultures

There is another argument against Hispanic: 

many who now exclusively use Latino, Latina, or Latinx 

argue that Hispanic reflects the imperialist history of Spain 

as a European colonizer in Latin America, 

at the expense of the rich cultures (and languages) 

of the indigenous and Black people of African origin 

who also live in these countries. 

There also remains the matter of Latin in Latin America, 

which is Eurocentric.

 

While Hispanic was at one time overwhelmingly favored 

in the late 20th century, 

Latino, when applicable, is growing more popular 

with younger generations seeking 

to stay rooted in their cultural identity.

 

As Dominican journalist Amanda Alcántara recently noted, 

these types of terms “create a monolith

—culturally andpolitically

—of an entire continent 

when every single country and every single community 

has their own history.”

 

When Hispanic and Latino overlap—and when they don’t

So, there are many people 

who fit the description of both Hispanic and Latino.

 

For example:

if a woman was born and raised in Buenos Aires, Argentina,

and Spanish was her first language, 

she may be called a Hispanic Latina.

But there are also those who don’t fit both. 

 

For example:

if a man was born and raised in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,

and Portuguese is his first language, 

he is Latino because he is from Latin America, 

but he is not Hispanic because he speaks Portuguese. 

 

This distinction would apply to citizens 

from some island nations of Latin America, 

like English-speaking Jamaica or French-speaking Haiti, 

where Spanish is not the primary language spoken. 

 

On the flipside,

a person from Madrid could be said to be Hispanic, but not Latino, because they natively speak Spanish but are from Europe;

however, we may more commonly refer to them as Spanish.

 

What countries are described as Hispanic?

A person who is Hispanic primarily comes from 

a Spanish-speaking country in South America and Central America. 

 

The list of countries described as Hispanic 

also includes two Caribbean islands (Puerto Rico and Cuba), 

Spain (although it’s not always included in some lists), 

and the Central African nation of Equatorial Guinea 

(Spanish is one of three official languages).

 

The list varies depending on who is using the term, 

but the list of countries typically described as Hispanic 

are: 

• Argentina
• Bolivia
• Chile
• Colombia
• Costa Rica
• Cuba
• Dominican Republic
• Ecuador
• Equatorial Guinea
• El Salvador
• Guatemala
• Honduras
• Mexico
• Nicaragua
• Panama
• Paraguay
• Peru
• Puerto Rico
• Spain
• Uruguay
• Venezuela

 

What countries are described as Latino?

The term Latino can be used by people 

who come from Latin American countries, 

and this list is longer and more inclusive. 

For example,

it includes more countries in the Caribbean, 

for example.

For the most part, people from any of the Hispanic countries 

listed above

—with the key exception of Spain and Equatorial Guinea

—can describe themselves as Latino, Latina, and Latinx. 

Spanish is not necessarily spoken in all the countries.

 

Other countries that also appear on this list 

(including some where Spanish is not dominant) are: 

• Brazil
• Belize
• French Guiana
• Guyana
• Guadeloupe
• Haiti
• Martinique
• Saint-Barthélemy
• Saint-Martin
• Suriname

However, this list is also open to interpretation.

 

When to use Hispanic vs. Latino

While there are key differences in the definitions of Latino and Hispanic, 

many people who identify as both 

don’t have a preference between the two terms. 

A 2013 Pew Research Center study shows more than half

 don’t lean one way or another between the two words.

 

Among those who do have a preference, 

nearly half of Hispanic and Latino Americans 

prefer Hispanic to describe their ethnicity; 

about a quarter prefer Latino.

The most preferred descriptor, however, 

may be a person’s specific country of origin. 

A 2012 Pew Research poll found more than half most frequently use 

their country of descent to describe themselves, e.g., Mexican, Dominican, Cuban.

 

Despite these cultural labels and identifiers, 

many Hispanic and Latino Americans disagree on the matter of race. 

The same Pew study found half self-identify their race 

as “Hispanic/Latino” or “some other race”; 

36% identify their race as “White.” 

(And as for the difference between race and ethnicity,

you may be wondering?

Well, that important topic deserves treatment all its own.)

 

The differences between Hispanic and Latino 

are complex, historical, and often very personal. 

So, which do you choose next time you find yourself reaching for 

such a descriptor? 

Remember, consider the context, the language, and the land

—and why not ask a person how they prefer to refer to themselves?

 

Alyssa Pereira is a freelance writer in San Francisco, California. 

Her work has been featured on SFGate.com, SPIN Magazine, 

the San Francisco Chronicle, Paper, Vice, and others.

 

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language:

Hispānicus, from Hispānia, Spain.

Usage Note: 

Though often used interchangeably in American English, 

Hispanic and Latino have slightly different ranges of meaning. 

Hispanic, from the Latin word for "Spain," 

has the broader reference, potentially encompassing all 

Spanish -peaking peoples in both hemispheres 

and emphasizing the common denominator of language 

among communities that might sometimes seem to have little else in common. 

 

Latino—which in Spanish means "Latin" 

but which as an English word is probably 

a shortening of the Spanish word latinoamericano

—refers more exclusively to persons or communities 

of Latin American Spanish-peaking origin. 

Of the two, only Hispanic can be used in referring to Spain 

and its history and culture. 

 

In practice, however, this distinction is of little significance 

when referring to Spanish-speaking residents of the United States, 

most of whom are of Latin American origin 

and can thus theoretically be called by either word. 

 

· Since the 1980s Latino has come to be 

much more prevalent than Hispanic in national media, 

but actual Americans of Spanish-speaking Latin American heritage 

are far from unified in their preferences. 

For some, 

Latino is a term of ethnic pride, 

evoking the broad mix of Latin American peoples,

while Hispanic, tied etymologically to Spain rather than the Americas, 

has distasteful associations with conquest and colonization. 

 

But in recent polls of Americans of Spanish-speaking Latin American ancestry, 

Hispanic is still preferred over Latino among those expressing a preference, 

while those having no preference constitute a majority overall. 

See Usage Note at Chicano.