2021-05-07 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – A – apt & liable & likely
2021-05-07
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – A – apt & liable & likely
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง apt =’APT’
ออกเสียง liable = LAHY-uh-buhl’
ออกเสียง likely =’LAHYK-lee’
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
Liable = responsible:
He’s liable for the damage to her car.;
= likely:
She’s liable to bring a date.
Not to be confused with:
libel = in law, defamation
by written or printed words, pictures, or in any form
other than by spoken words or gestures;
anything that is defamatory or that maliciously
or damagingly misrepresents
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Usage Note:
Liable, apt, and likely are used interchangeably
in constructions with infinitives,
as in
Zach is liable to lose,
Zach is apt to lose, and
Zach is likely to lose,
but the three words have subtle distinctions in meaning.
A traditional rule holds that
liable should be used only if the subject would be
adversely affected by the outcome expressed by the infinitive.
The rule therefore permits
Tim is liable to fall out of his chair if he doesn't sit up straight
but not: The chair is liable to be slippery,
though constructions of the latter type
have long been common in reputable writing.
Apt usually suggests that the subject has a natural tendency
enhancing the probability of an outcome
and that the speaker is somewhat apprehensive about the outcome.
Thus, apt is more naturally used in a sentence like
The fuel pump is apt to give out at any minute
than in
Even the clearest instructions are apt to be misinterpreted by those idiots
(since the instructions are not at fault)
or in: The fuel pump is apt to give you no problems for the life of the car
(since there is no reason that
the speaker should regard such an outcome as unfortunate).
Likely is more general than either liable or apt.
It ascribes no particular property to the subject
that would enhance the probability of the outcome.
Thus, while John is apt to lose the election may suggest
that the loss will result from something John does or fails to do,
John is likely to lose the election does not.
Nor does it suggest anything about the desirability of the outcome
from the point of view of either the speaker or the subject.
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR APT
Apt, pertinent, relevant
all refer to something suitable or fitting.
Apt means to the point and particularly appropriate:
an apt comment.
Pertinent means pertaining to the matter in hand:
a pertinent remark.
Relevant means directly related to and important to the subject:
a relevantopinion.
USAGE NOTE FOR APT
Some usage guides insist that
apt followed by an infinitive can or should
be used to meanonly “inclined, disposed”:
He is apt to ignore matters he regards as unimportant.
In fact, apt is standard in
all varietiesof speech and writing as a synonym for likely
in contexts that suggestprobability without any
implication of a natural disposition toward:
Hostilities are apt to break out if the confrontation is not soon resolved.
She is apt to arrive almost any time now.
USAGENOTE FOR LIABLE
Liable is often interchangeable with likely
in constructions with a following infinitive
where the sense is that of probability:
The Sox are liable (or likely) to sweep the Series.
Some usage guides, however,
say that liable can be used only in contexts
in which the outcomeis undesirable:
The picnic is liable to be spoiled by rain.
This use occurs often in formal writing
but not tothe exclusion of use in contexts
in which the outcomeis desirable:
The drop in unemployment is liable to stimulate the economy.
Apt may also be used in place of liable or likely
in all the foregoing examples.
USAGENOTE FOR LIKELY
Likely in the senses “probably destined”
and “probably” is often preceded by a qualifying word
like very, more, or quite:
The board is very likely to turn down the request.
The new system will quite likely increase profits.
However, despite statements to the contrary in some usage guides,
likely in these senses is standard
without such a qualifier in all varieties of English:
It will likely be a bitter debate.
The shipment will likely arrive on Thursday.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
FrequentlyAsked Questions About apt
Howdoes the adjective apt differ from other similar words?
Some common synonyms of apt are appropriate, felicitous, fitting, fit, happy, meet, proper, and suitable.
While all these wordsmean
"right with respect to some end, need, use, or circumstance,"
apt connotes a fitness marked by nicety and discrimination.
apt quotations
Whenis appropriate a more appropriate choicethan apt?
While in some cases nearly identical to apt,
appropriate implies eminent or distinctive fitness.
an appropriate gift
Whencan felicitous be used instead of apt?
The words felicitous and apt can be used in similar contexts, but felicitous suggests an aptness that is opportune, telling, or graceful.
a felicitous phrase
Inwhat contexts can fit take the placeof apt?
In some situations, the words fit and apt are roughly equivalent. However, fit stresses adaptabilityand sometimes special readiness for use or action.
fit for battle
Whenmight fitting be a better fit than apt?
While the synonyms fitting and apt are close in meaning,
fitting implies harmony of mood or tone.
a fitting end
Wherewould happy be a reasonable alternative to apt?
The words happy and apt are synonyms, but do differ in nuance. Specifically, happy suggests what is effectively or successfully appropriate.
a happy choice of words
Whenwould meet be a good substitute for apt?
The meanings of meet and apt largely overlap; however,
meet suggests a just proportioning.
meet payment
Whencould proper be used to replace apt?
Although the words proper and apt have much in common,
proper suggests a suitability through essential nature
or accordance withcustom.
proper acknowledgement
Whenis it sensible to use suitable insteadof apt?
The synonyms suitable and apt are sometimes interchangeable, but suitable implies an answering to requirements or demands.
clothes suitable for camping
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choosethe Right Synonym for liable
LIABLE, OPEN, EXPOSED, SUBJECT, PRONE, SUSCEPTIBLE, SENSITIVE
mean beingby nature or through circumstances likely to experience something adverse.
LIABLE implies a possibility or probability of incurring something because of position, nature, or particular situation.
liable to get lost
OPEN stresses a lack of barriers preventing incurrence.
a claim open to question
EXPOSED suggests lack of protection or powers of resistance against somethingactually present or threatening.
exposed to infection
SUBJECT implies an openness for any reason to something that must be sufferedor undergone.
all reports are subject to review
PRONE stresses natural tendency or propensity to incur something.
prone to delay
SUSCEPTIBLE implies conditions existing in one's nature or individual constitutionthat make incurrence probable.
very susceptible to flattery
SENSITIVE implies a readiness to respond to or be influenced
by forcesor stimuli.
unduly sensitive to criticism
synonyms see in addition responsible
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Liable vs. Apt: Usage Guide
Both liable and apt when followed by
an infinitive, areused nearly interchangeably with likely.
Although conflicting advice has been given over the years,
mostcurrent commentators accept apt when so used.
They generally recommendlimiting liable
to situations having an undesirable outcome,
and our evidenceshows that
in edited writing it is more often so used thannot.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
liable vs. libel
Liable is an adjective that can
mean "legally responsiblefor something,"
asin"determining who is liable for the damage";
or"likely to be affected or harmed by something,"
asin"a condition that makes her liable to illness";
or"likely to do something,"
as in"you're liable to fall if you're not more careful."
Libel is a noun and a verb.
As a noun it refers to the act of publishing a false statement
that causes people to have a bad opinion of someone,
asin"a newspaper found guilty of libel."
As a verbit means
"to write and publish a false statement
that causes peopleto have a bad opinion of someone,"
asin "the jury found that the article libeled him."
'Liable'/'libel'
This is a gentle reminder that
liable generally is used to mean “responsible”
or “exposed or subject to some usually adverse contingency or action,”
and libel means (among other things)
“defamation of a person by written or representational means.”
You can be liable for damages if you libel someone,
butyou cannot be libel for damages if you liable them.
And neither of these words should be confused
with labile, which means “unstable” or “readily open to change.”
Collins English Dictionary
Usage:
The use of liable to to mean likely to
was formerly considered incorrect, but is now acceptable
Collins English Usage
Usage:
Likely as an adverb is preceded by another, intensifying adverb,
as in: it will very likely rain or it will most likely rain.
Its use without an intensifier,
as in: it will likely rain
is regarded as unacceptable by most users of British English,
though it is common in colloquial US English
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Likely
1. used as an adjective
Likely is usually an adjective.
You say, for example, that something is likely to happen.
These services are likely to be available to us all before long.
You can also say that it is likely that something will happen.
It is likely that his symptoms will disappear without treatment.
If this is your first baby, it's far more likely that
you'll get to the hospital too early.
2. used as an adverb
In conversation and in informal writing,
likely is sometimes an adverb
with most, more than, or very in front of it,
or as part of the phrase more likely than not.
Don't use it as an adverb on its own.
Profits will most likely have risen by about $25 million.
More than likely, the cause of her illness is stress.
More likely than not they would kill him
if they found out who he really was.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
The DifferenceBetween 'Libel' and 'Liable'
Don't hold us at faultif you can't keep them straight.
What to Know
Libel is related to defamation,
generally referring to
statements made about someone without just cause
and exposing them to public contempt.
Liable,on the other hand, is an adjective
referring to the person legally responsible for something,
such as a debt that is owed.
The related noun,
liability refers to the legal responsibility itself.
Libel and liable are two words that not only sound alike
but also occurfrequently in legal contexts.
For those reasons, they are sometimes confused.
Usage of 'Libel'
Libel inits most well-known sense
refersto a kind of defamation;
itis defined as
"a statementor representation published without just cause
and tending to expose another to public contempt,
orthe crime of doing so."
In the second lawsuit filed Monday,
Singh alleged a secretive PAC known as the Florida Public Corruption Task Force committed libel
by publishing “vitriolic, false and maliciously defamatory statements” through mailings before the Aug. 18 primary election,
spending $350,000 in advertising.
— Monivette Cordeiro, The Orlando Sentinel, 2 Dec. 2020
In a unanimous decision released Friday,
the court agreed that reporting by The N&O
and then staff writer Mandy Locke met the definition of libel set
in the landmark New York Times v. Sullivan case in 1964.
That ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court found that
to prove libel public officials must establish that journalists acted with “actual malice” toward them, rather than simply published incorrect information.
— Richard Stradling and Will Doran, The Raleigh News & Observer, 14 Aug. 2020
Libel can also be used as a verb
meaning "tomake libelous statements" or
"to makeor publish a libel against (someone)."
Colborn alleges in his complaint that the award-winning series
about Steven Avery, exonerated for one murder only to
later be charged with another, l
ibeled him by insinuating he planted evidence
in an effort to frame Avery for that second murder.
— Eriq Gardner, The Hollywood Reporter, 13 June 2019
Libel isoften mentioned alongside slander,
another crime of defamation that refers to speech.
An explanation of the difference
between libel and slander can be found here.
Usage of 'Liable'
Liable is an adjective
that describesone who is legally responsible for something,
such as: a debt, fine, or compensation that is owed.
The Tennessee Court of Appeals struck down McAfee’s ruling,
saying Big Pharma can be held liable as drug dealers
and prosecutors can sue to recover damages for their respective districts.
— Jamie Satterfield, The Knoxville News Sentinel, 18 Dec. 2020
The Sioux City Council will be asked Monday to amend
the city's fireworks ordinance so that private landowners
can be held liable for violations occurring on their property,
even if someone else discharged the fireworks.
— Dolly Butz, The Sioux City Journal, 20 Dec. 2020
If a property owner places his or her mailbox in the highway right of way, which is usually a minimum of 25 feet from the centerline of the road,
the municipality that owns and maintains the road
is not liable for damage to the mailbox
if such damage was caused by non-negligent snow-removal operations.
While the property owner may have an informal license
to erect the mailbox within the right of way,
this does not endow the owner of the mailbox with any legal rights
in the highway when needed for highway purposes.
— Dave Werner, The Adirondack Daily Enterprise, 19 Oct. 2020
An extended useof liable not restricted to legal contexts
means "exposedor subject to
some usually adverse contingency or action,"
as in, "If you keep horsing around on that fence, you are liable to fall."
Both of these senseshave a related noun, liability.
Liability can refer to
something for which one is held at fault or responsible
("was cleared of liability for the accident"),
a debtor something similar that is owed
("keeping track of assetsand liabilities"),
orsomething that serves as an unwanted disadvantage
("his tendency to drop the ball makes him a liability in the outfield").
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
Apt
usage.: Some usage guides advise that
apt followed by an infinitive should be used
to mean only “inclined, disposed.”
In fact, apt is standard in all varieties of speech and writing
as a synonym for likely in suggesting probability without inclination:
She is apt to arrive any time now.Hostilities are apt to break out soon.
See also liable.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
Liable
usage: Some usage guides say that
liable can be used only in contexts in which the outcome is undesirable:
The picnic is liable to be spoiled by rain.
This use occurs often in formal writing
but not to the exclusion of use in contexts
in which the outcome is desirable:
The drop in unemployment is liable to stimulate the economy.
See also apt, likely.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
likely
usage:
likely meaning “probably” is often preceded by a qualifying word:
The new system will quite likely increase profits.
Some usage guides maintain that
such a qualifier must always be present.
However, likely without the qualifier is standard in all varieties of English:The new system will likely increase profits.
See also apt, liable.
Dictionary of Problem Words in English
apt & liable & likely
Distinctionsin the meaning of these words
have broken down somewhat,
but careful speakers continue to observe them.
Apt suggests fitness or tendency:
“Jake is apt in physics.”
Liable impliesexposure to something unwanted,
disadvantageous, or burdensome:
“The driver is liable for the damage.”
Likely means “expected,” “probable”:
“It is likely to rain today.”
Likely is the most commonly used of the three word;
apt andlikely are near-synonym;
use liable only in the sense of “responsible,” “unanswerable."
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