2021-04-30 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – A – and & and/or
2021-04-30
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – A – and & and/or
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง and = ‘and’ – unstressed = ‘uhnd’
ออกเสียง and/or = ‘and-awr’
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR AND
Both and and but,
and to a lesser extent or and so,
are common as transitional words
at the beginningsof sentences in all types of speech and writing:
General Jackson thought the attack would come after darkness.
And he was right.
Any objection to this practice
probably stems from the overuse of
suchsentences by inexperienced writers.
When one of these words beginsa sentence
or an independent clause within a sentence,
it is notfollowed by a comma
unlessthe comma is one of a pair
setting offa parenthetical element that follows:
John is popular, and he seems to be well adjusted.
But,appearances to the contrary, he is often depressed.
See also and/or, et cetera, try.
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR AND/OR
The combination
and/or is used primarily in business and legal writing:
All dwellings and/orother structures on the property are included in the contract.
Because ofthese business and legal associations,
some object to the use of this combination in general writing,
where it occasionally occurs:
She spends much of her leisure time entertaining and/or traveling.
In such writing,
either and or or is usually adequate.
If a greater distinctionis needed,
another phrasing is available:
Would you like cream or sugar, or both?
BRITISH DICTIONARY DEFINITIONS
USAGE FOR AND
The use of and instead of to
after try and wait
is typicalof spoken language,
but should be avoidedin any writing which is not informal:
We must try to prevent (not try and prevent) this happening
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Frequently Asked Questions About and
Can you start a sentence with and?
It's perfectly acceptable to begin a sentence with and,
as well as with other words that we are often taught to avoid
at the start of a sentence,
such as, but and or.
Examples of sentence-initial and date back more than 1,000 years.
What typeof word is and?
And is a conjunction, and in particular a coordinating conjunction.
Conjunctionsare words
that join together other words or groups of words,
and coordinating conjunctions
specifically connectwords, phrases, and clauses
that areof equal importance in the sentence.
The other common coordinating conjunctions
are or and but.
Whatdoes and mean in an address?
When and is used in describing locations,
it indicates a pointwhere two streets meet or cross.
For example,
in "I live at Third andMain,"
the and indicates that the speaker
lives close towhere Third Street and Main Street meet or cross.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Is it Ever Okayto Start a Sentence With 'And'?
FANBOYS might not get you far
What to Know
It's perfectlyacceptable to begin a sentence with "And,"
as well as the other words that we are often taught to avoid
such as "but" or "or."
Writing samples tracing back to the 9th century,
including Bible translations, break these "sacred" rules,
which stem from attempts to curb
school children from stringing too many unrelated sentences together.
Whetheror not one should avoid
using certain words at the very beginning of a sentence
is oneof those tidbits of grammatical information
that nestles in some corner of our brains,
dimly but persistentlyreminding us that
we are probably doing something wrong.
(The truly painstaking nitpicker will point out
that the opening lineof this piece begins with one of those words,
whether, that has been declared unfit to begin a sentence.)
Many people content themselves with the trusted maxim
"do not beginsentences with and or but."
If you are interested
inlearning whether or not this is a sensible rule,
well, it isnot.
And if you don’t much care whether the rule is sensible or not,
and just want to keep telling people that they are wrong
when they use certain words to begin their sentences,
well, you are in luck,
since there have been many more prohibitions
againstsentence-initial words than just and and but.
The Beginning of And/Butin the Beginning
Firstly, has it ever been wrong
to begina sentence with and or but?
No, it has not.
We have been breaking this rule all the way
from the 9th century Old English Chronicle through the current day.
Many translations of the Bible are filled with
sentence-initial ands and buts,
and they even may be found in some of our more beloved
—and prescriptive—usage guides.
The 1959 edition of Strunk and White’s
The Elements of Style
begins two sentences in a row with these prohibited words,
and does so with nary a trace of self-consciousness.
But since writing is communication, clarity can only be a virtue.
And although there is no substitute for merit in writing,
claritycomes closest to being one.
—William Strunk Jr. & E. B. White, The Elements of Style, 1959
The Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage
begins its entry on and with this statement:
"Everybody agrees that it’s all right to begin a sentence with and,
and nearly everybodyadmits to having been taught at some past time
thatthe practice was wrong."
The entry notes that
there has been speculationthat sentence-initial ands
were discouraged to prevent children from stringing together interminable lists of clauses or sentences.
While it makes sense
to avoid an enormous pileof independent clauses in one's writing,
it seems unlikely that
trying to change the way people naturally use the language
will solve this problem.
Thereare times when it would be ill-advised
to begin a sentencewith and or but,
and thereare times when it works just fine.
Can You Begin a Sentence with These Words?
If you areone of those people
who prefers to avoid people
who begin their sentences with these words,
and if you would like to
further curtailyour sentence-initial word choices,
there have been a large number of other words
that we have previously been told not to use in that position.
Here is a smattering:
Do notbegin a sentence with however or a similar unimportant word.
—Jacob Cloyd Tressler, English in Action, 1929
Do not begin a sentence with “also” or “likewise.”
—George Hitchcock, Sermon Composition, 1908
Or never begins a sentence, paragraph, or chapter.
—James Brown, The American System of English Grammar, 1826
Never begin a sentence—or a clause—with also.
—J. M. D. Meiklejohn, The Art of Writing English, 1899
Teach the elimination of but, so, and, because,at the beginning of a sentence.
—Documents of the School Committee of the City of Boston, 1916
A sentence should not commence with the conjunctions and, for, or however....
—George Payn Quackenbos, An Advanced Course of Composition and Rhetoric, 1854
FANBOYS(For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)
Some people may remember learning the mnemonic FANBOYS
whenstudying the coordinating conjunctions
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
And some instructorsalso still use this
as means of explaining
which words should not be given the chance to lead the parade.
Butit's slightly ridiculous
to insist that these words should never be used to begin a sentence,
when a thousand years of English writing
has shown this to be a fine way to start off.
If you’regoing to
createa silly-sounding acronym to list these words,
then gowhole-hog and list
all of the words
that schoolchildren have been told not to put
at the beginnings of sentences over the past 200 years.
We crafted one for you
that helpfully looks like a web address: WWWFLASHYBONNBAN,
which stands, obviously, for whether, well, why, for, likewise, and, so, however, yet, but, or, nor, now, because, also, nevertheless.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
And
Usage Note:
A traditional grammatical rule
assert that sentences beginning with and or but
express "incomplete thoughts"
and are therefore incorrect.
But this stricture has been ignored
by writers from Shakespeare to Joyce Carol Oates,
and most of the Usage Panel sees wisdom in this attitude.
In our 1988 survey, when asked whether they paid attention to the rule
in their own writing, 24 percent answered "always or usually,"
36 percent answered "sometimes,"
and 40 percent answered "rarely or never."
See Usage Notes at both, but, with.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
And
And can be used to link
noun phrases, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, or clauses
1. used for linking noun phrases
When you are talking about two things or people,
you put and between two noun phrases.
I had a cup of tea and a biscuit.
The story is about a friendship between a boy and a girl.
When you are linking more than two noun phrases,
you usually only put and in front of the last one.
They had fish, potatoes, and peas for dinner.
We need to build more roads, bridges and airports.
In lists like these, the comma before and is optional.
2. used for linking adjectives
You put and between two adjectives
when they come after linking verbs
such as: be, seem, and feel.
The room was large and square.
She felt cold and tired.
When there are more than two adjectives
after a linking verb,
you usually only put and in front of the last one.
We felt hot, tired, and thirsty.
The child is outgoing, happy and busy.
In lists like these, the comma before and is optional.
When you use two or more adjectives
in front of a noun, you don't usually put and between them.
She was wearing a beautiful pink dress.
We made rapid technological advance.
However, if the adjectives are colour adjectives,
you must use and.
I bought a black and white swimming suit.
Similarly, if you are using adjectives
that classify a noun in a similar way,
you use and.
This is a social and educational dilemma.
You also use and when you put adjectives
in front of a plural noun in order to
talk about groups of things that have different or opposite qualities.
Both large and small firms deal with each other regularly.
Be Careful!
Don't use 'and' to link adjectives
when you want them to contrast with each other.
For example,
don't say 'We were tired and happy'.
You say 'We were tired but happy'.
They stayed in a small but comfortable hotel.
3. used for linking adverbs
You can use and to link adverbs.
Mary was breathing quietly and evenly.
They walked up and down, smiling.
4. used for linking verbs
You use and to link verbs when you are
talking about actions performed by the same person, thing, or group.
I was shouting and swearing.
They sat and chatted.
If you want to say that someone does something repeatedly
or for a long time, you can use and after a verb,
and then repeat the verb.
They laughed and laughed.
Isaac didn't give up. He tried and tried.
In conversation,
you can sometimes use and after try or wait
instead of using a to-infinitive clause.
For example,
instead of saying 'I'll try to get a newspaper',
you say 'I'll try and get a newspaper'.
In sentences like these you are describing one action, not two.
I'll try and answer the question.
I prefer to wait and see how things go.
You only use and like this
when you are using a future form of try or wait,
or when you are using the infinitive or imperative form.
If you go and do something or come and do something,
you move from one place to another in order to do it.
I'll go and see him in the morning.
Would you like to come and stay with us?
5. used for linking clauses
And is often used to link clauses.
I came here in 1972 and I have lived here ever since.
When you are giving advice or a warning,
you can use and to say what will happen if something is done.
For example,
instead of saying 'If you go by train, you'll get there quicker',
you can say 'Go by train and you'll get there quicker'.
Do as you're told and you'll be all right.
You can put and at the beginning of a sentence
when you are writing down what someone said,
or writing in a conversational style.
I didn't mean to scare you. And I'm sorry I'm late.
6. leaving out repeated words
When you are linking verb phrases
that contain the same auxiliary verb,
you don't need to repeat the auxiliary verb.
John had already showered and changed.
Similarly, when you are linking nouns
that have the same adjective, preposition, or determiner
in front of them,
you don't need to repeat the adjective, preposition, or determiner.
My mother and father worked hard.
7. 'both' for emphasis
When you link two phrases using and,
you can emphasize that what you are saying applies to both phrases
by putting both in front of the first phrase.
They feel both anxiety and joy.
See both
8. negative sentences
You don't normally use 'and' to link groups of words
in negative sentences.
For example,
don't say 'She never reads and listens to stories'.
You say 'She never reads or listens to stories'.
He was not exciting or good looking.
See or
However, you use and when you are talking
about the possibility of two actions happening at the same time.
For example,
you say 'I can't think and talk at the same time'.
You also use and if two noun phrases occur so frequently together
that they are regarded as a single item.
For example,
knife and fork are always joined by and even in negative sentences
such as 'I haven't got my knife and fork'.
Unions haven't taken health and safety seriously.
When two noun phrases are regarded as a single item like this,
they almost always occur in a fixed order.
For example,
you talk about your knife and fork, not your 'fork and knife'.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression in English
and all
This is what is knownas a filler,
a wordor expression that adds little or nothing to meaning
but consumes time in saying and space in writing:
“You know what I mean and all.”
This useless phrase, as well as other fillers,
is likely to appear only in informal talk, hardly ever in writing.
and etc.
This is a redundant expression from which and should be dropped.
Etc. is an abbreviation of the Latin et cetera
and means “and so forth.”
It looks out of placein formal writing.
Furthermore, it cannot be pronounced in speech
without sounding individual letters or giving the entire phrase.
Sometimes,
we use etc. at the end of a list
tosuggest that much more could be added.
But do we really have anything in mind?
And/or
This expression,
formerly used exclusively in legal documents
and business communication,
has become acceptable English
primarilybecause it is a convenient saver of time and words.
And/or means about the same as each and every
and is often equivalentto the simple word or.
You can say “boots and/or shoes.”
You can also say“boots or shoes or both.”
Purist object to and/or as being awkward and unsightly,
butit is permissible in all save fastidious usage.
And so forth
This English formof etc. (see AND ETC.) is standard
butis sometimes used unnecessarily at the end of a statement
to suggest that something could be added.
Probably all that needs to be said has been said,
and anything elsewould be waste or wordiness.
And which& and who
Correct sentence structure
providesthat these phrases should appear in clauses
only if preceded by clauses also containing whichand who.
This rule, which alsoapplies to but which and but who clauses,
is a matter of parallel construction.
Do not say“He is a man of intelligence, and who is an industrious worker.”
You can omit andor add a who clause:
“He is a man who is intelligent and who is an industrious worker.”
Better still, eliminate the verbiage and say
“The man is intelligent and industrious.”
The best way to improve
“He showed much energy at first, but which soon vanished.”
isto omit but.
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