2021-04-11 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – A – affect & effect

Revision A

2021-04-11

ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – A – affect & effect

แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น

ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค

Dictionary.com

ออกเสียง affect – verb = ‘uh-FEKT’ – noun = ‘AF-ekt’

ออกเสียง effect = ‘ih-FEKT’

Dictionary.com

WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED WITH AFFECT

Affect and effect, each both noun and verb,

share the senseof “influence,”

and because of their similarity in pronunciation

are sometimes confused in writing.

As a verb affect means “to act on” or “to move”

(His words affected the crowd so deeply that many wept);

affect means “to pretend” or “to assume”

(new students affecting a nonchalance they didn't feel).

The verb effect means “to bring about, accomplish”:

Her administration effected radical changes.

The noun effect means “result, consequence”:

the serious effects of the oil spill.

The noun affect pronounced with the stress on the first syllable,

is a technical termin psychology and psychiatry.

Affect is not used as a noun.

Dictionary.com

AFFECTVS. EFFECT

What's the difference between affect and effect?

Affect is most commonly used as a verb

meaning to act on or produce a change in someone or something.

Effect is most commonly used as a noun

meaning a resultor consequence.

Remembering the difference between the words can be especially hard

because these senses of the words

have just about the same pronunciation.

Complicating things further

is the fact that affect can also be used as a noun

(referring to a state of emotion, as in He had a sad affect)

and effect can also be used as a verb

(meaning to make happen, as in We can only effect change by taking action).

However, these senses of the words are much less commonly used.

You can remember that affect is most commonly used as a verb

because it begins with a, for action.

You can also remember how affect and effect

are most commonly used by using the acronym RAVEN:

R = Remember
A = Affect is a
V = Verb
E = Effect is a
N = Noun

Here’s an example

of affect and effect usedcorrectly in the same sentence.

Example: It’s unclear what immediate effects the new law will have

or how it will affect future generations.

Dictionary.com

“Affect” vs. “Effect”: Use The Correct Word Every Time

Affect or effect?

Both of these words are verbs and nouns

and their meanings overlap.

Very confusing!

This slippery duo can send even experienced writers

into a spiralof uncertainty.

Especially, since many people pronounce them

in almost the exact same way.

Here’s a basic guidelinefor affect vs. effect:

Generally, we use affect as a verb (an action word)

and effect as a noun (an object word).

What does affect mean?

The verb affect means “to act on; produce an effect or changein”

as in, The cold weather affected the crops

(it produced a change in the crops… probably killing them).

It can also mean “to impress the mindor move the feelings of,”

as in, The music deeply affected him

(the music changed his feelings orthoughts).

So, when you’re looking to use one of these

two terms to express an action,

chances areyou’re looking for affect.

If you can substitute affect with another verb,

you’ll know you’re using the right word,

as in, The cold weather damaged the crop,

or The music deeply moved him.

Bottom of Form

What does effect mean?

Effect is most commonly used as a noun,

meaning “result” or “consequence.”

So, when you’re writing, try to swap out effect for result

and see if it makes sense.

For example, His sunburn was an effect of exposure to the sun.

His sunburn was a result of exposureto the sun.

Effect might also catch you off guard

because it appears in twocommon idioms: in effect, and take effect.

How can you remember the difference?

There’s one trick to help you use the right word in almost every case:

the word raven.

R = Remember
A = Affect is
V = a Verb
E = Effect is
N = a Noun

What caused all the confusion?

Want to go deep?

Much of the confusion surrounding this pair

is due to a shared linguistic ancestor.

Both words have roots in the Latin verb facere

meaning “to do, make.”

Affect derives from the Latin verb afficere

meaning “to do something to, to have influence on.”

Effect descends from the Latin verb efficere,

“to make, carry out.”

Sticking to the basic guidelineof effect as a noun

and affect as a verbwill generally keep you in the clear.

What about the exceptions?

Less frequently,

affect can be used as a noun

to describe emotion in a psychological context.

Example: A sad affect may be a symptom of depression.

Affectionate is a related term with the same root word as affect.

Effect can alsobe a verb meaning “make happen,”

but that use is lesscommon.

Example: We can effect a new and better society through reform.

The phrase effect change relies on this verb.

Here’s hoping this article effects change in all our vocabularies!

Dictionary.com

SYNONYM STUDY FOR EFFECT

Effect, consequence(s), result

refer to something produced by an action or a cause.

An effect is that which is produced,

usually more or lessimmediately and directly:

The effect of morphine is to produce sleep.

A consequence, something that follows naturally or logically,

as in, a train of events or sequence of time,

is less intimatelyconnected with its cause than is an effect:

Punishment is the consequence of disobedience.

A result may be near or remote,

and often is the sum of effectsor consequences

as making an endor final outcome:

The English language is the result of the fusion of many different elements.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

choose the Right Synonym for affect

Verb (1)

AFFECT, INFLUENCE, TOUCH, IMPRESS, STRIKE, SWAY

mean to produceor have an effect upon.

AFFECT implies the action of a stimulus that can produce a responseor reaction.

the sight affected her to tears

INFLUENCE implies a force that brings about a change

(as in nature or behavior).

our beliefs are influenced by our upbringing

TOUCH may carry a vivid suggestion of close contact

and may connote stirring, arousing, or harming.

plants touched by frost

his emotions were touched by her distress

IMPRESS stresses the depth and persistence of the effect.

only one of the plans impressed him

STRIKE, similar to but weaker than impress, may convey the notion of sudden sharp perception or appreciation.

struck by the solemnity of the occasion

SWAY implies the acting of influences

that are not resisted or are irresistible,

with resulting change in characteror course of action.

politicians who are swayed by popular opinion

Verb (2)

ASSUME, AFFECT, PRETEND, SIMULATE, FEIGN, COUNTERFEIT, SHAM

mean to put on a false or deceptive appearance.

ASSUME often implies a justifiable motive rather than an intent to deceive.

assumed an air of cheerfulness around the patients

AFFECT implies making a false show of possessing, using, or feeling.

affected an interest in art

PRETEND implies an overt and sustained false appearance.

pretended that nothing had happened

SIMULATE suggests a close imitation of the appearance of something.

cosmetics that simulate a suntan

FEIGN implies more artful invention than PRETEND,

less specific mimicrythan SIMULATE.

feigned sickness

COUNTERFEIT implies achieving the highest degree of verisimilitude

of any of these words.

an actor counterfeiting drunkenness

SHAM implies an obvious falseness that fools only the gullible.

shammed a most unconvincing limp

Choose the Right Synonym for effect

Verb

PERFORM, EXECUTE, DISCHARGE, ACCOMPLISH, ACHIEVE, EFFECT, FULFILL meanto carry out or into effect.

PERFORM implies action that follows established patterns or proceduresor fulfills agreed-upon requirements and often connotes special skill.

performed gymnastics

EXECUTE stresses the carrying out of what exists in plan or in intent.

executed the hit-and-run

DISCHARGE implies execution and completion of

appointed dutiesor tasks.

discharged his duties

ACCOMPLISH stresses the successful completion of a process

rather than the means of carrying it out.

accomplished everything they set out to do

ACHIEVE adds to ACCOMPLISH the implication of conquered difficulties.

achieve greatness

EFFECT adds to ACHIEVE an emphasison the inherent force in the agent capable of surmounting obstacles.

effected sweeping reforms

FULFILL implies a complete realization of ends or possibilities.

fulfilled their ambitions

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Frequently Asked QuestionsAbout affect

What is the difference between affect and effect?

Both affect and effect can function as a noun or a verb.

However, affect is most often found as a verb

(“to produce an influence upon or alterationin”),

and effect as a noun

("a change that results when something is done or happens”).

For example,

we can say that something that affects a person has an effect on them.

What is the difference between affection and affectation?

The more familiar word,

affection, in modern use most often means

"a feeling of liking and caringfor someone or something."

Affectation may be defined as

"speech or conduct not natural to oneself,"

as in "He was bornand raised in Baltimore, so his British accent seemed like an affectation."

Is affect anoun or a verb?

Affect is both a noun and a verb, but the verb is far more common;

it means "to act on or change someone or something,"

as in "The change will affect everyone."

The noun affect is used primarily in psychology contexts

to refer to the facial expressions, gestures, postures, vocal intonations, etc.,

that typically accompany an emotion,

as in "The patient had a flat affect."

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Usage Notes

'Affect' vs. 'Effect'

What to Know

Affect and Effect can both take the form of a noun or a verb,

but most often you will want

to use "affect" as a verb,

meaning "to produce a material influence upon or alteration in"

and "effect" as a noun

meaning "a changethat results when something is done or happens."

Usually, something "affects" something to produce an "effect."

It has often been said that

nothing in lifeis certain but death and taxes,

but to this duo ofunpleasantness

we may add a third certainty:

telling the difference between affect and effect

will eat up some considerable portion of your life.

Unless you are one of those rara avises

for whom this distinctioncame immediately and effortlessly,

in which case we hope you get extra taxes.

The confusion springs from the factthat

these two words look and sound quite similar,

each functions as a verb and noun,

and they may be employed in semantically ambiguous fashion

(for instance, both 'this affectwas unpleasant'

or 'this effectwas unpleasant' may be used correctly).

Well nigh every usage guide published over the past hundred years

has containedan explanation for how to distinguish between these words, yetthe English-speaking people appear to have heroically resisted

all attemptsat disambiguating them.

Affect and Effectas Verbs

Affect,when employed as a verb, most commonly carries

the meaning of "to produce a material influence upon or alteration in."

Things may very well affectyour interplanetary funksmanship,

but they are unlikelyto effect it.

The use of effect as a verb is not as common as that of affect,

and it generally has the meaning of

"to cause to come into being" or "accomplish."

Effect as a Noun

Although affect may be more common as a verb,

the use of effect as a nounfar outstrips that of affect.

An effect is

"a change that results when something is done or happens,"

or "a particular feeling or mood created by something."

Affect as a Noun

Rounding out our quadrant of confusion,

remember that affect is also a noun

(although its use is primarily found inpsychology),

meaning "a set of observable manifestations of an experienced emotion:

You may, in future moment of indecision,

try to rememberthat if you are using a verb

you are more likely going to want affect,

and if you want a noun it is probably going to be effect.

Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree

Affect

= to pretend; influence:

It will affect the outcome.

Not to be confused with:

effect = a result; an influence:

His protest had no effect.

[The words affect and effect are among

the most frequently confused words.

Affect means to bring about a change,

to move emotionally, or to infect, as a disease.

Its core meaning is to

evoke a usually strong mental or emotional response from.

Effect means consequence, outcome, upshot.

Its core meaning is something brought about by a cause.]

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,

Affect

Usage Note:

Affect and effect are often confused

because they sound alike and have related meanings.

First, bear in mind that there are two words spelled affect.

One means "to put on a false show of,"

as in, She affected a British accent.

The other affect, the one that is confused with effect,

is both a noun and a verb.

As a noun it is uncommon and means roughly "emotion."

It is pronounced with stress on the first syllable rather than the second.

Note that affect does not have a noun sense

meaning "an influence that brings about a change."

As a verb, affect is most commonly used in the sense of

"to cause a change in:"

the ways in which smoking affects health.

The verb effect means "to bring about or execute":

medical treatment designed to effect a cure.

Its corresponding noun means "a result."

Thus, if someone affects something,

there is likely to be an effect of some kind,

and from this may arise some of the confusion.

People who stop smoking

will see beneficial health effects,

but not beneficial health affects.

The verbs produce important differences in meaning.

The sentence These measures have been designed to effect savings

implies that the measures will cause new savings to come about.

Using affect in the very similar sentence

These measures will affect savings

implies that the measures will cause

a change in savings that have already been realized.

Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary

usage:

Because of similarity in pronunciation,

affect and effect are sometimes confused in writing.

The spelling affect is used of two different words.

The verb affect¹ means “to act on” or “to move”

(His words affected the crowd so deeply that many wept);

the noun affect¹, pronounced with the stress on the first syllable,

refers to emotion or, in psychiatry, emotional response.

affect² is not used as a noun;

as a verb it means “to pretend” or “to assume”

(new students affecting a nonchalance they didn't feel).

The verb effect means “to bring about, accomplish”:

Her administration effected radical changes.

The noun effect means “result, consequence”:

the serious effects of the oil spill.

The A-Z of Correct English Common Errors in English Dictionary

Affect & effect

Use these exemplar sentences as a guide:

Heavy drinking will AFFECT your liver. (verb)

The EFFECT on her healthwas immediate. (noun)

The new manager plans to EFFECT sweeping changes.

(verb = to bring about)

Collins COBUILD English Usage

Affect – effect

1. 'affect'

Affect /ə'fekt/ is a verb.

To affect someone or something means to cause them to change,

often in a negative way.

There are many ways in which computers can affect our lives.

The disease affected Jane's lungs.

2. 'effect'

Effect /ɪ'fekt/ is usually a noun.

An effect is something that happens or exists

because something else has happened.

The report shows the effect of noise on people in the factories.

This has the effect of separating students from teachers.

You can say that something has a particular effect on something else.

Improvement in water supply can have a dramatic effect on health.

These changes will have a significant effect on our business.

Effect is sometimes a verb.

If you effect something that you are trying to achieve,

you succeed in achieving it.

This is a formal use.

The new law will give us the power to effect change.

Collins COBUILD English Usage

Touch & affect

1. 'touch'

If you touch something, you gently put your fingers or hand on it.

The metal is so hot I can't touch it.

Madeleine stretched out her hand to touch his.

If you are touched by something,

it makes you feel sad, sympathetic, or grateful.

I was touched that he should remember the party where he had kissed me for the first time.

I was touched by his thoughtfulness.

2. 'affect'

You do not use 'touch'

to say that something changes or influences a person or thing.

You do not say, for example,

'We wanted to know how these proposals would touch our town'.

The word you use is affect.

...the ways in which computers can affect our lives.

The disease affected Jane's lungs.

Collins COBUILD English Usage

Result  & effect

1. 'result'

A result of something is an event or situation

that happens or exists because of it.

The result of this announcement was that the share price of the company rose by 10 per cent.

I nearly missed the flight as a result of getting stuck in traffic.

I cut my own hair – often with disastrous results.

2. 'effect'

When something produces a change in a thing or person,

don't refer to this change as a 'result' on the thing or person.

The word you use is effect.

Diet has a significant effect on your h

Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary

Affect& effect

There are four distinct words here.

When “affect” is accented on the final syllable (a-FECT),

it is a verbmeaning “have an influence on”:

“The million-dollar donation from the industrialist did not affect my vote against the Clean Air Act.”

A much rarer meaning is indicated when the word is

accented on the first syllable(AFF-ect),

meaning “emotion.”

In this case the word is used mostly by psychiatrists

and social scientists

— people who normally know how to spell it.

The real problem arises

when people confuse the first spelling with the second: “effect.”

This too can be two different words.

The more common one is a noun:

“When I left the stove on, the effect was that the house filled with smoke.”

When you affect a situation, you havean effect on it.

 The less common is a verb meaning “to create“:

“I’m trying to effect a change in the way we purchase widgets.”

No wonder people are confused.

Note especially that the proper expression

is not“take affect” but “take effect”— become effective.

Hey, nobody ever said English was logical:

just memorize it and get on with your life.

Dictionary of Problem Words in English

affect & effect

These wordshave slightly different pronunciations

and quite different meanings.

Affect is always a verb (except for one use as a nounin psychology)

and means “to influence,” “to causea response”:

“This article will affect my thinking.”

Affect also means “to assume,” “to be given to,” or“to pretend”:

“She affected a silly manner of speaking.”

As a noun effectmeans “result,” “accomplishment”:

“What was the effect of this appeal for money?”

As a verb, effect means “to cause,” “to bring about”:

“The new manager will effect major changes in our sales methods.

In plural form, effect can mean “goods” “property”;

“The deceased man’s effects were willed to charity.”