2021-04-10 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – A – aesthetic & ascetic
2021-04-10
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – A – aesthetic & ascetic
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง aesthetic = ‘es-THET-ik’ – British = ‘ees-THET-ik’
Sometimes US spelling = ‘esthetic’
ออกเสียง ascetic adj. = ‘uh-SET-ik’
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
Aesthetic = relating to a sense of the beautiful;
The decorator has a real sense of the aesthetic.;
=discriminating, cultivated, refined;
=concerned with pure emotion and sensation
as opposed to pure intellectuality:
an aesthetic actress
Not to be confused with:
acetic = of, relating to, or containing acetic acid or vinegar:
The wine had become acetic.
ascetic =– one who leads an austere life:
an ascetic nun
Farlex Trivia Dictionary.
Ascetic
- Pronounced uh-SET-ik,
it is derived from Greek asketes, "monk, hermit."
Dictionary.com
ABOUT THIS WORD
What else does aesthetic mean?
Aesthetic concerns what is considered beautiful.
In pop culture,
an aesthetic refers to the overall style of someone or something,
like a musical sound, interior design, or even a social-media presence.
In the 2010s,
the term became closely associated with vaporwave cultureon Tumblr.
Where did the term aesthetic come from?
Tumblr kidsmight want to imagine that they made up aesthetic,
but they ultimately have18th-century German philosopher Alexander Baumgarten for coining aesthetics, recorded in English in the 1760–70s.
Treated in ancientand modern philosophy alike,
aesthetics considers how humans experience
and appreciate beauty, art,and taste.
Fast forwardto the 2010s,
when the music genre vaporwave
helped bring the term aesthetic to the mainstream.
Several releaseswere influential in popularizing the term,
including Macintosh Plus’s album Floral Shoppe (2012)
and Savvy J’s video “AESTHETIC” (2013).
Vaporwavehad a very defined aesthetic
—or the curated appearanceor style of something,
especially when it comes to a look, art, or design,
a sense of the word which dates back to the 1950s.
Its album covers featured 1980–90s graphics,
bright, airbrushed pinks and purples,
and images of classical statues and retro technology.
While people in vaporwave culture were proud of their aesthetic,
others began to satirize its originality online.
Meanwhile, many on social media sites
like Tumblr began cultivating blogswith a particular aesthetic,
typically based on a particular theme, look, feel, or interest
—helping to make this fancy,
philosophical word with Greek roots
a more common term for “beautiful” or “well-styled.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
The Singular (Or Plural) Art of Aesthetics
Noun
The noun aesthetic is often found used in its plural form.
In the plural form,
aesthetics can refer to the theory of art and beauty
—and in particular the question of
what makes something beautiful or interesting to regard:
Although he could extemporize animatedly
about the history of the valve seat grinder, or the art of ropemaking,
or how long it took to manually drill blast holes into a deposit of coal,
aesthetics were another matter.
The unlikely beauty of his rusty treasures defied elaboration.
Donovan Hohn, Harper’s, January 2005
This sense is sometimes encountered
in constructions that treat it as singular:
With the removal of the studio packages,
those cinema owners still providing double features
began exploring less arbitrary and more justified pairings of films.
The double feature became a special element of movie houses concentrating on the presentation of classic and art films.
And this is where an aesthetics of the double feature emerges.
Chadwick Jenkins, PopMatters, 16 Aug. 2016
So, Sontag was wrong to describe
camp as an "unserious, 'aesthete's' vision."
Aesthetics is always serious when agreed-upon
interpretations are changed or stolen or emptied out.
Dave Hickey, Harper's, December 2009
A word that follows a similar patternis poetics,
(which also happens to be the title of a workby Aristotle
focusing on literary theory and discourse):
A poetics of film, he has argued, seeks to reveal the conventions
that films use to achieve their effects-and cognitive explanations
provide insight intohow and why filmic conventions,
like shot-reverse-shot or empathy close-ups, produce the effects they do.
Alissa Quart, Lingua Franca, March 2000
As a plural noun, aesthetics can also be used as a synonym for beauty:
For reasons of economy and aesthetics, though,
most of the house was stick built and is perfectly cozy without any elaborate beam work.
Andrew Vietze, Down East, May 2003
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
'Ascetic' vs. 'Aesthetic'
Going below the surface
What to Know
Aesthetic formallyrefers to a philosophical branch
concerning the nature of art and beauty,
but is usedgenerally to describe how things look or feel
when concerning questions of art and taste.
Ascetic on the other hand
most commonly refers to austerity and self-denial,
especially with regard to spiritual discipline.
Though these two words have been confusing students
—and not just students—for decades,
their meaningsand histories turn out to be completely unrelated.
'Ascetic' Meaning and Origin
In ancientGreece,
ascetic’s predecessors tended to describe
the strict regimensof warriors and athletes;
gentler versions ofasceticism were advocated by the Sophists, Stoics,
and other philosophers as paths to virtuefor ordinary citizens.
But today studentsoften first encounter ascetic in European History class, describinga phenomenon from the era when Christian self-denial,
or “mortification of the flesh,” reached its high point.
Prominent examplesof medieval ascetics include the flagellants,
who would march in grim processions
whipping themselves on their bared backs
for their sins, and the stylites,
hermits who in search of salvation
would live for years at a time
on top of pillars in the lonely
Middle Eastern hinterland.
Now the truth was,
Montanus said no such thing, but commanded frequent abstinence, enjoyned dry diet, and an ascetick Table, not for conscience sake, but for Discipline; and yet because he did this with too much rigour and strictnesse of mandate, the Primitive Church mislik'd it in him, as being too neere their errour, who by a Judaicall superstition abstain'd from meats as from uncleannesse.
— Jeremy Taylor, Treatises, 1648
…she hath also judged very well, that the body is to be tam'd
when it grows rebellious against reason;
that nourishment is to be retrencht as provender from an unruly wanton horse; and his stomack taken down by the ascetick discipline of Fasts and Watchings:
But it never enterd into her Theorems, that to be happy, a man must renounce his understanding, unlord his reason to become learned, condemn his judgement to become wise.
— Jean-François Senault, The Christian man, 1650
'Aesthetic' Meaning and Origin
Aesthetic,also Greek in its origins,
reached usthrough 18th-century German philosophy.
English-speaking philosophers hadn’t paid systematic attention
to questions of art and beauty—that is, aesthetics
—until the Germans, including A. G. Baumgarten
and Immanuel Kant, showed them how to do it.
The word seems to have filled a gap in English,
as Samuel Coleridge observed in 1823:
“I wish I could find a more familiar word thanaesthetic,
for works of taste and criticism.”
As much as this city surpasses the first-rate capitals of Europe
with regard to historical and æsthetic importance,
so far it is inferior to them in the interest
excited by the activity and enjoyments of social life in great towns.
— The Monthly Magazine (London, Eng.), 1 Mar. 1805
”Aesthetic Cream” is a more appropriate name
for the unique and spendid (sic) entertainment
to be given in the Y.M.C.A. parlorson next Friday night,
than “aesthetic tea.”
— News and Observer (Raleigh, NC), 2 May 1888
His principal studies were philosophy, aesthetics+,
mathematics, and natural history.
(+A word, in German literature, signifying principles of taste.)
— The Theatrical recorder (London, Eng.), Jun. 1805
Today, after more than 200 years,
aesthetic and aesthetics still have a formal, intellectual ring to them
—though they're of course very common in things
such as ads for hairdressers, plastic surgeons, interior decorators, and wedding planners. And, of course, Instagram.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for ascetic
SEVERE, STERN, AUSTERE, ASCETIC
mean given to ormarked by strict discipline and firm restraint.
SEVERE implies standards enforced without indulgence or laxity
and may suggest harshness.
severe military discipline
STERN stresses inflexibilityand inexorability of temper or character.
stern arbiters of public morality
AUSTERE stresses absence of warmth, color, or feeling and may apply torigorous restraint, simplicity, or self-denial.
living an austere life in the country
ASCETIC implies abstention from pleasure and comfort or self-indulgenceas spiritual discipline.
the ascetic life of the monks
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Ascetic
Did You Know?
Asceticcomes from "askētikos," a Greek adjective meaning "laborious," and ultimately traces back to the Greek verb askein,
which means "exercise" or "work."
There aren't many other English wordsfrom "askein,"
but there's no dearth of synonyms for "ascetic." "Severe" and "austere,"
for example, are two words that share with "ascetic"
the basic meaning
"given to or marked by strict discipline and firm restraint."
"Ascetic" implies abstention from pleasure, comfort, or self-indulgence
as a spiritual discipline,
whereas "severe" implies standards enforced without indulgence
or laxity and may suggest harshness(as in "severe military discipline").
"Austere" stresses absence of warmth, color, or feeling
and may apply to rigorous restraint, simplicity, or self-denial
(as in "living an austere life in the country").
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Just What DoesThat 'Ae' Say?
How to talk about an insect's antennae with confidence. Sort of.
The letter combination "ae" isn't common in English.
We know what to do with "oa" in boat
and "ai" in sail and "ea" in sea,
but "ae" doesn’t show up a lot,
and in the cases in which it does make an appearance,
it behaves inconsistently.
It says one thingin algae,
another thingin aesthetic,
and still another in maestro.What's a person to do?
Have no fear: your dictionary is here to help you.
First a bit of background:
the “ae” in these words comes from a Latin diphthong*
that linguists believe was pronounced like the English "long i,"
the vowel sound in my.
Latin was spoken for a long time, though,
and there's nothing a language likes better than change.
That "long i" sound for "ae"didn't stick around.
Eventually, the sound merged with the Latin monophthong "long e," which eventually became the English vowel sound in me.
The "long e" sound is the one we have in a number of Latin-derived English words spelled with "ae":
algae (\ˈal-(ˌ)jē\ )
Caesar (\ˈsē-zər\ )
aqua vitae (\ˌa-kwə-ˈvī-tē\ )
arborvitae (\ˌär-bər-ˈvī-tē\ )
antennae (\an-ˈte-nē\ ) (The zoological plural; radios have "antennas.")
However, that older "long i" soundalso survived in some English words, likely aided by the study of classical Latin by English speakers.
In most cases, it shares territory with the "long e";
a number of English words with "ae"
have dual established pronunciations in good use:
alumnae (\ə-ˈləm-(ˌ)nē\ or \ə-ˈləm-ˌnī\ )
larvae (\ˈlär-(ˌ)vē\ or \ˈlär-ˌvī\ )
lacunae (\lə-ˈkyü-(ˌ)nē\ or \lə -ˈkü-ˌnī\ )
Bacchae (\ˈba-ˌkē\ or \ˈba-ˌkī\ )
(The word maestro (\ˈmī-(ˌ)strō\),
the only common English "ae" word
pronounced solely with a "long i,"
is an outlier, having been adopted from Italian;
its pronunciationin English reflects its Italian pronunciation.)
But most of us have never studied Latin,
and English has a bunch of other words with "ae"
that have other sounds entirely.
In aegis the "ae" can be pronounced as a "long e"
or "long a": \ˈē-jəs\ or \ˈā-jəs\ .
The second optionmakes good sense to English speakers,
who are used to "e" making vowels long:
think of tie and toe—and the names Mae and Rae.
In a few words, like aesthetic (\es-ˈthe-tik\ ),
"ae" makes the "short e" sound in the word met.
What's clear once we get all this out on the page
is that "ae" is a confusing little unit for English speakers.
It's not commonly found in everyday English words,
which means that no one can be blamed
for not knowing what to do with it.
Now that you've read this article,
you'll know to check your friendly dictionary in cases where you're not sure. And when there's no time for that,
you'll have a good explanation for your uncertainty.
Some bonus diphthong talk:
* For the non-linguists out there,
a diphthongis, in simplified terms,
a sound made by
gliding from one vowel sound to another within a single syllable.
When linguists talk about such sounds
they talk about the articulatory position
—that is, the positions the lips, tongue, etc. have in making the sound.
To make a diphthong,
the articulatory position changes in the course of the sound.
We use diphthongs all the time without thinking about it.
Compare, for example, the vowel sound in the word cat,
which is not a diphthong,
with the vowel sound in the word cow:
to pronounce the latter word,
most speakers follow the consonant with the vowel sound in cat
gliding quicklyinto the vowel sound in coo.
That \a\ to \oo\ glide occurring in a single syllable is a diphthong.
The other common diphthongsin English
are the vowel soundsin toy, my, and view.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
Aesthetic& ascetic
People often encounter these two words first in college,
and may confuse one with the other
although they have almost opposite connotations.
“Aesthetic” (also spelled “esthetic”) has to do with beauty,
whereas “ascetic” has to do with avoiding pleasure,
includingpresumably the pleasure of looking at beautiful things.
St. Francis had an ascetic attitude toward life,
whereas Oscar Wilde had an esthetic attitude toward life.
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