2021-04-03 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – A – abstract & extract

Revision A

2021-04-03

ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – A – abstract & extract

แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น

ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค

Dictionary.com

ออกเสียง abstract– verb/adj. = ‘ab-STRAKT’ – noun = ‘AB-strakt’

ออกเสียง extract – verb = ‘ik-STRAKT’ – noun = ‘EK-strakt’

Dictionary.com

SYNONYM STUDY FOR EXTRACT

Extract, exact, extort, wrest

imply using force to remove something.

To extract is to draw forth something

as by pulling, importuning, or the like:

to extract a confession by torture.

To exact is to impose a penalty, or to obtain by force orauthority,

something to which one lays claim:

to exact payment.

To extort is to wring something

by intimidation or threats from an unwilling person:

to extort money by threats of blackmail.

To wrest is to take by force or violence

in spite of active resistance:

The courageous minority wrested power from their oppressors.

COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY

USAGE FOR EXTRACT

Extract is sometimes wrongly used where extricate would be better:

he will find it difficult extricating (not extracting) himself from this situation

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Choose the Right Synonym for extract

Verb

EDUCE, EVOKE, ELICIT, EXTRACT, EXTORT

mean to draw outsomething hidden, latent, or reserved.

EDUCE implies the bringing out of something potential or latent.

educed order out of chaos

EVOKE implies a strong stimulus

that arouses an emotion or an interest

or recalls an image or memory.

a song that evokes warm memories

ELICIT usually implies some effort or skill

in drawing forth a response.

careful questioning elicited the truth

EXTRACT implies the use of force or pressure

in obtaining answers or information.

extracted a confession from him

EXTORT suggests a wringing or wresting

from one who resists strongly.

extorted their cooperation by threatening to inform

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Do you exact or extract revenge?

The verb exact (as in, "exacting revenge" or "exactinga promise")

is not as commonly encountered as the adjective exact,

(as in "an exact copy" or "exact measurements").

Sometimes people will mistakenly use

the more common verb extract

when they really want exact.

Extract can refer to removing something

by pulling orcutting or to getting information

from someone who does not want to give it.

While both words refer to

getting something they are used in different ways.

You extract a tooth, but you exact revenge.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

The Crisscrossing Histories of Abstract and Extract

Adjective

Abstract is most frequently

used as an adjective(“abstract ideas”)

and a noun (“an abstract of the article”),

but its somewhat less common use as a verbin English

helps to clarify its Latin roots.

The verb abstract is used to mean “summarize,”

as in “abstracting an academic paper.”

This meaning is a figurative derivative

of the verb’smeanings “to remove” or “to separate.”

We trace the origins of abstract to the combination of the Latin roots

ab-, a prefix meaning “from” or “away,”

with the verb trahere, meaning “to pull” or “to draw.”

The result wasthe Latin verb abstrahere,

which meant “to remove forcibly” or “to drag away.”

Its past participle abstractus had the meanings

“removed,” “secluded,” “incorporeal,”

and, ultimately, “summarized,”

meanings whichcame to English from Medieval Latin.

Interestingly, the word passed from Latin into French

with competing spellings as both abstract (closer to the Latin)

and abstrait (which reflected the French form of abstrahere, abstraire),

the spelling retained in modern French.

The idea of“removing” or “pulling away”

connects abstract to extract,

which stems from Latin through the combination

of trahere with the prefix ex-, meaning “out of” or “away from.”

Extract formsa kind of mirror image of abstract:

more common as a verb, but also used as a noun and adjective.

The adjective, meaning“derived or descended,” is now obsolete,

as is a sense of the noun that overlapped with abstract, “summary.”

The words intersected and have separatedin modern English,

but it’s easy to see that abstract applies to something

that has been summarized,

and summarized means “extractedfrom a larger work.”

Collins English Usage

Usage:

Extract is sometimes wrongly used

where extricate would be better:

he will find it difficult extricating (not extracting) himself from this situation