2021-04-03 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – A – above & over
2021-04-03
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – A – above & over
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง above = ‘uh-BUHV’
ออกเสียง over = ‘OH-ver’
Farlex Trivia Dictionary
above =
- Traces back to Old English bove,
first meaning "north"
and later taking the meaning of "overhead."
See also related terms for north.
Dictionary.com
USAGENOTE FOR ABOVE
Above as an adjective (the above data)
oras a noun (study the above)
referring towhat has been mentioned earlier
in a piece of writing has long been standard.
A few critics object tothese uses in general writing,
believing that they are more appropriate in business
or technical contexts;
they occur, however, in all kinds of edited writing.
Dictionary of Problem Words in English
Above
Some grammarians object to the use of above in
the meaningof “preceding” or “previously mentioned or written”
(the example given above, the above example).
However, above can be an adjective as well as an adverb,
so that no grammatical error is involved.
The objection tousing above in this sense
is that the word may refer vaguely or even loosely
and incorrectly to preceding material;
overuse of itmay make you sound legalistic or stilted.
As a preposition, above presents no usage problems (above the earth).
As a noun, above is both vague and informal.
Instead of “The above states my position fairly,”
it is preferable to say “This is my position”
or “The preceding statement present my position fairly.”
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Above & over
1. used for talking about position and height
If something is higher than something else,
you can say that the first thing is above or over the second thing.
He opened a cupboard above the sink.
There was a mirror over the fireplace.
If one thing is much higher than another thing,
or there is a lot of space between them,
you usually use above.
We heard a noise in the apartment above ours.
You usually use over when one thing is at a higher level
than another thing, and the first thing is moving.
A plane flew over the city.
2. used for talking about measurements and quantities
Above and over are both used to talk about measurements,
for example,
when you are talking about a point that is higher
than another point on a scale.
Any money earned over that level is taxed.
The temperature rose to just above forty degrees.
Be Careful!
Don't use above in front of a number
when you are talking about a quantity
or number of things or people.
For example,
don't say 'She had above thirty pairs of shoes'.
You say 'She had over thirty pairs of shoes'
or 'She had more than thirty pairs of shoes'.
They paid out over 3 million pounds.
He saw more than 800 children, dying of starvation.
3. used for talking about distance and time
You use over to say that a distance or period of time
is longer than the one mentioned.
The mountain is over twelve thousand feet high.
Our relationship lasted for over a year.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
over
Over is a preposition used in several different ways.
1. position
If one thing is over another thing, it is directly above it.
I had reached the little bridge over the stream.
His name is on the monument over the west door.
2. movement
If you go over something,
you cross it and get to the other side.
Sayeed climbed over the fence.
The sea was rough on the way back over the Channel.
3. age
If someone is over a particular age,
they are older than that age.
She was well over fifty.
4. time
If something happens over a period of time,
it happens during that time.
He'd had flu over Christmas.
There have been many changes over the last few years.
If you do something over a meal,
you do it while you are eating the meal.
It's often easier to discuss difficult ideas over lunch.
See above - over
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
above
usage:
A few critics object to the use of above
as an adjective (the above data)
or as a noun (study the above)
in referring to what has been mentioned earlier in a piece of writing.
Both uses, however, have long been standard.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
over-
a prefixal use of over,
occurring in various senses
in compounds (overboard; overcoat; overhang; overlord; overthrow),
and esp. employed,
with the senses “over the limit,” “to excess,” “too much,” “too,”
to form verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and nouns
(overact; overcrowd; overfull; overweight).
[Middle English; Old English ofer-. See over]
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Over
Usage Note:
While working as a newspaper editor in the late 1800s,
William Cullen Bryant forbade the use of over
in the sense of "more than,"
as in These rocks are over 5 million years old.
Bryant provided no rationale for this injunction,
but such was his stature that the stipulation was championed
by other American editors,
who also felt no reason to offer an explanation.
Critics later allowed the usage in some contexts,
but their reasons are dubious at best.
In point of fact, over has been used as a synonym of more than
since the 1300s.
In our 2009 survey, 86 percent of the Usage Panel
accepted over with the meaning "more than."
This usage is fully standard.
Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.
over
In artillery and naval gunfire support,
a spotting, or an observation,
used by a spotter or an observer to indicate
that a burst(s) occurred beyond the target
in relation to the spotting line.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Using Above as an Adjective or Noun: Usage Guide
Noun
Although still objected toby some,
the use of above as a noun to mean "something that is above"
none of the above the above is Theseus's opinion — William Blake
and as an adjective without the above reserve — O. W. Holmes †1935
I was brought up on the above words — Viscount Montgomery
has been long established as standard.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Can 'Over' Mean"More Than"?
Over a hundred people will be annoyed by the answer.
At Merriam-Websterwe have a proud tradition,
over a hundred and sixty years old,
of attempting to describe the English language
as it is actually used, rather than how it should be used.
And contrary to what you may have heard,
we are not in favor of getting rid of all the rules;
we just want to get rid of the specious ones
(yeah, you heard right…we said specious).
Like the one which states
that the use of over in the first sentence
of this paragraph is somehow wrong.
Some people are of the opinion that
over should not be used in the sense of “more than,”
as they think this word is properly only applied to spatial relationships.
This quantity meaning is one of a number of senses
of the word which were at one point thought improper.
Ambrose Bierce provided several of these in his early 20th century usage guide, Write it Right:
Over for About,In, or Concerning.
“Don’t cry over spilt milk.”
“He rejoiced over his acquittal.”
Over for More than.
“A sum of over ten thousand dollars.”
“Upward of ten thousand dollars” is equally objectionable.
Over for On. “The policeman struck him over the head.”
If the blow was over the headit did not hit him.
— Ambrose Bierce, Write it Right, 1909
Bierce appears to have based his objections to the “more than” sense of over on the fact that it was included in the Index Expurgatorius,
the list of forbidden words compiled by William Cullen Bryant,
editor of the New York Evening Post.
There were several other senses of over which were objected to
in the late 19th and early 20th centuries;
although we seem to have moved past the rest of them,
there still are occasional objections to the “more than” use.
The reason that this rule is problematic
is that we have been using over to mean “more than”
since Old English, and this use has been widespread in all varieties of the language.
But Reynolds having conveyed over fifteen hundred Men upon Planks, reduced them to his Obedience, giving the men liberty to remove to other places.
— George Bate, Elenchus Motuum Nuperorum in Anglia, 1685
…over 32,000 acres are under vineyards.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed., 1910
Over two hundred friends from my district came.
— Tip O’Neill (with William Novak), Man of the House 1987
The fact that this questionable use of over was widespread
with some our best writers (and some of our worst)
did not seem to bother many people from advocating it as a rule.
An article in Time magazine in 1948
pointed out one of the more striking examples
of how this might be inconsistent,
noting that the Detroit Free Press forbade its reporters
using over in this way, while the paper proudly blazoned its motto
“On Guard for Over a Century” on its front page.
If you feel the need to restrict yourself
to writing or saying “more than” rather than “over”
you may continue to do so.
And if you're really into retaining the proscriptions
of a 19th century poet and newspaper editor
then here are some of Bryant’s other rules,
which are just as applicable today as the one he made about over.
Henceforth stick to pantaloons rather than pants, jeopard rather than jeopardize, and avoid all uses of the words lengthy, talented, and taboo.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Words at Play
Over the top
Definition: extremely or excessively flamboyant or outrageous
Over the top is today most often
encountered as a way of indicatingan excess of something,
but the term has gone through a few iterations of meaning over the years.
In the early 20th century it was used in reference to
the trench warfare of World War I,
in which soldiers would climb over the top of the parapets and into battle.
There will also be present men who have seen actual life in the trenches, and who will tell “over the top” experiences.
— The New York Tribune, 11 Nov. 1917
Throughout much of the 20th century
over the top was also often found used
to indicate that fundraising or production efforts
had been successful to such an extent
that goals or expectations were exceeded.
In an “over the top” effort, 20,000 Massachusetts farmers
have been urged to tackle their biggest production job
of the war thus far—the meeting of the 1943 food-for-freedom goals.
— The Christian Science Monitor (Boston, MA), 9 Jan. 1943
With $777,261 already reported, A.F.L. members are sure to give an over-the-top report to Mr. Winnett.
— The Los Angees Times, 13 Nov. 1944
By the middle of the 20th century over the top had come
to the sense in which we most often find it used today.
Feb. 10 ’til wee hours Fred Staton and his boys,
fifty lovely hostesses and an all-star floow show
will be out with their best to what is bound to be an “over the top” affair.
— The Pittsburgh Courier (Pittsburgh, PA), 3 Feb. 1945
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Words at Play
Over the counter
Definition: sold lawfully without prescription
The earliest adjectival meaning of over the counter,
beginning in the 19th century, was
“in or through a broker's office rather than through a stock exchange.”
The term does not seem to have gained currency
as a descriptor of medicines until the 1920s.
Under the counter (“by surreptitious means”)
has been in use since the early 20th century.
Druggist Charged Patient $1.90
FOR $1.25 Bottle of Over-the-Counter Medicine
— The New York Amsterdam News, 12 Jun. 1929
Several years ago before the system was installed
any goods that were a surplus on order
were chucked under the counter
and sold on the quietby one of the clerks.
— Hardware Dealers’ Magazine (New York City, NY), 1 Jun. 1913
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Words at Play
Over-the-hill
Definition: past one's prime
It is curious that over the hump is employed
in the favorable sense of “past the most difficult part of something,”
but over-the-hill is restricted to
the much less fun(to some, at least) meaning.
If you yourselfare over-the-hill,
and have need of a self-referential term
but would prefer something a bit more obscure,
the Oxford English Dictionary helpfully
includes paracme:
“ A point or periodat which the prime or highest vigour is past.”
Savold, now an over the hill fighter,
has beatenand been defeated by
some of the better known boxers,
including Joe Baksi and Tami Mauriello.
— The Hartford Courant (Hartford, CT.), 28 Mar. 1947
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