2021-02-28 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด U – usual & customary & habitual
2021-02-28 Ref.: www.gotoknow.org#
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด U – usual & customary & habitual
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง usual &= ‘YOO-zhoo-uhl’ or ‘YOOZH-wuhl’
ออกเสียง customary &= ‘KUHS-tuh-mer-ee’
ออกเสียง habitual = ‘huh-BICH-oo=uhl’
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR USUAL
Usual, customary, habitual
refer to a settledand constant practice.
Usual indicates something
that is to beexpected by reason of previous experience,
which shows it to occur more often than not:
There were the usual crowds at the celebration.
Something that is customary is
in accordance with prevailingusage or individual practice:
It is customary to finish up with a bonfire.
That which is habitual has become settled or constant
as the result of habit on the part of the individual:
The merchants wore habitual smiles throughout the season.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
SYNONYM STUDY FOR USUAL
Usual, customary, habitual
refer to a settledand constant practice.
Usual indicates something
that is to beexpected by reason of previous experience,
which shows it to occur more often than not:
There were the usual crowds at the celebration.
Something that is customary is
in accordance with prevailingusage or individual practice:
It is customary to finish up with a bonfire.
That which is habitual has become settled or constant
as the result of habit on the part of the individual:
The merchants wore habitual smiles throughout the season.
Choose the Right Synonym for usual
Adjective
USUAL, CUSTOMARY, HABITUAL, WONTED, ACCUSTOMED
mean familiarthrough frequent or regular repetition.
USUAL stresses the absence of strangeness or unexpectedness.
my usual order for lunch
CUSTOMARY applies to what accords with the practices, conventions, or usagesof an individual or community.
the customary waiting period before the application is approved
HABITUAL suggests a practice settled or established by much repetition.
a habitual morning routine
WONTED stresses habituation but usually applies to what is favored, sought,or purposefully cultivated.
his wonted determination
ACCUSTOMED is less emphatic than WONTED or HABITUAL
in suggesting fixed habit or invariable custom.
accepted the compliment with her accustomed modesty
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
I'll Have the Us(ual)
Shortening'usual': easy to say, hard to spell
A correspondent wrote to ask us
how to spell the abbreviated form of usually
that's pronounced like the word's first syllable
—as in "I'll have the us(ual)."
Let’s see what we can do.
We determine questions like this as we determine everything else:
based on evidence.
But evidence of a shortened form of the word usual is scant in published, edited text.
Word maven and long-time New York Times columnist William Safire chose yoozh in 2009:
Nobody in the young-barflies crowd orders “the usual”; it’s the yoozh.
— The New York Times, 24 May 2009
That worked for at least one other newspaper as well:
"What's up, Paul, you want the yoozh?"
barista Allison Dahl asked as he approached the counter on Friday, meaning did he want his usual.
— Joe Marusak, The Charlotte (North Carolina) Observer, 6 Apr. 2008
But on the other side of the continent
two different options seemed right:
"The only place I get 'the usual' is at my hair stylist's," wrote Vince Eberly.
"I have been going to the same hair cutter, Tina McGovern, for 25-ish years and have followed her from salon to salon.
The conversation always starts with 'the yuzh?'
The answer is always yes, and by the end of the session, I always look great."
— Paul Turner, The Spokesman Review (Spokane, Washington), 22 Jan. 2017
Peter's fumbling attempts
to match Sydney's effortless use of invented slang is a worthy running joke:
"totally" becomes "totes magotes,"
"the usual" becomes"the uzhe"...."
— Marc Mohan, The Oregonian (Portland, Oregon), 20 Mar. 2009
Two of these three spellings start with "y,"
which has the benefit of making it instantly clear to the reader
that the word starts with the same sound as the word yes or yet.
The initial "u" of the third option has a visual relationship
to the word it shortens, which is a plus.
However, it risks a pronunciation of the initial sound
as the same as the initial sound in up or ugh, so there's that.
Of course, the consonant sound at the end
—technically a post-alveolar fricative
—is also not without complication.
It appears in a number of words
—measure and vision, for example
—but it has no simple English spelling.
All three of the options above go with the "zh" of the Russian transliteration in Dr. Zhivago.
Combining "zh" with the consonant letter that does the work in usual seems reasonable enough too: "szh."
And even "j" makes some sense given that its usual sound is a combination of the sound usually made by "d" (an alveolar plosive) and that post-alveolar fricative we're after.
And then there's the vowel:
the rounded sound of the first vowel in usual
is spelled in various ways in English,
including those found in the words boot, glue, and flute.
So many possibilities, and only four published,
edited text examples from an enormous database of U.S. newspapers spanning decades.
There are no lexicographical conclusions to be drawn on only that.
Friends had suggestions,
among them the seemingly reasonable yuzh and uszh,
as well as the perhaps more desperate: yujhzse.
Some suggested turning to the International Phonetic Alphabet for help, but most of us don't have friends geeky enough to know what "ju:ʒ" sounds like (or to easily have keyboard access to that last character, which is known as ezh).
A former Merriam-Webster lexicographer voted for "usu."
—our in-house abbreviation for the term.
He pointed out thatEnglish-speakers write "oz." but say ounce.
We also of course say pound when we write "lb."
and feet for "ft."
That makes sense if we want to write "usu." and say usual.
But if we want to say only the first syllable of that word? Hmm.
So, what is a person to do when seized by a desire to write
"I'll have the us(ual)"? Welp,
we're afraid that the answer is that
there is no established shortened form of usual,
which means English speakers are really on their own.
Our best advice is
to use the form that you think best communicates your intended meaning. (Or perhaps print this article, tack it to the wall, and throw a dart; whichever spelling it hits is yours.)
Eventually one of the forms will win out, and we'll be watching when it does.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions
usual & customary[NR1] & habitual
Usual applies to that which is considered normal, common, and expected:
“He arrived at the usual hour.”
“You can expect the usual results from this medicine.”
Customary refers to whatever accords with
the practices of an individualor group:
“It was customary for us to have two coffee breaks every morning.”
“At that school it was customary for each girl to take her turn waiting on tables.”
Habitual suggests a fixed practice as the result of habit:
“It is habitual for me to ignore my alarm clock.”
“He was a surly person with a habitual scowl on his face.”
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