2021-02-16 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด T – Treachery & treason
2021-02-16
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด T – Treachery & treason
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง treachery = ‘TRECH-uh-ree’
ออกเสียง treason = ‘TREE-zuhn’
ออกเสียง sedition = si-DISH-uhn’
ออกเสียง insurrection = ‘in-suh-REK-shuhn’
ออกเสียง coup = ‘KOO’
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR TREASON
Treason & sedition
mean disloyaltyor treachery to one's country or its government.
Treason is any attempt to overthrow the government
or impair the well-being of a state
to which one owes allegiance;
the crime of giving aid or comfort to the enemies of one's government.
Sedition is any act, writing, speech, etc.,
directed unlawfully against state authority, the government, or constitution,
or calculated to bring it into contemptor to incite others to hostility, ill will or disaffection;
it does not amount to treason and therefore is not a capital offense.
Dictionary.com
VOCAB BUILDER
What does sedition mean?
Sedition is the act of encouraging rebellion against the government,
or an action that promotes such rebellion,
such as through speech or writing.
What’s the differencebetween treason and sedition?
Treason typically refers to a direct action to overthrow or betray one’s government,
whereas sedition usually falls short of direct action
and instead involves the promotion of revolutionary
or treasonous actions.
Legally, sedition is typically considered a less serious offense than treason.
Example:
His statements amount to nothing less than sedition
—he’s actively trying to incite a rebellion against the government.
Dictionary.com
Insurrection vs. sedition vs. coup
Those discussing the events also used other strong words,
including sedition, coup (and coup d’état), and (domestic) terrorism.
Sedition is incitement or promotion of rebellion against the government,
while an insurrection is an active rebellion or uprising against the government.
Those who engage in insurrection can be called insurrectionists.
In the context of government overthrow,
the word coup is short for coup d’état,
which narrowly refers to an illegal or forceful change of government,
as opposed to an uprising in general.
A coup may be attempted with the intention of removing a single political leader,
rather than instituting an entirely new form of government, for example.
Despite the differences in their meanings,
terms like sedition, insurrection, and coup are sometimes
used in the discussion of the same events.
For example, sedition may inspire an insurrection that results in a coup.
More broadly, terrorism involves the use of violence or threats of violence
—especially against civilians
—to achieve some political aim.
Domestic terrorism specifically refers to acts of terrorism against one’s fellow citizens.
By contrast, the word insurrection typically refers to
acts that targetthe government, rather than civilians.
However, some acts of insurrection may also be considered acts of terrorism.
Dictionary.com
Laying Down The Law On “Sedition” vs. “Treason” vs. “Insurrection” vs. “Coup”
On January 6, 2021, interest in the words
insurrection, sedition, treason, and coup
all surged on on Dictionary.com
after a mob of supporters of Donald Trump
stormed the US Capitol building on the day
Congress was set to certify the electoral vote count
to confirm Joe Biden’s presidential election victory.
Many journalists, political analysts, and politicians
all used these very serious—and consequential—words
to refer to the shocking events that occurred in the nation’s capital.
But, as became plainly clear on January 6, words matter.
What do each of these words mean?
Are they used differently in legal contexts thanthey are in everyday settings?
And what are the distinctions between them?
What is sedition?
Sedition is the “incitement of discontent or rebellion against a government.”
Its adjective formis seditious, as in seditious conspiracy.
Its noun forms (e.g., someone planning sedition) are seditionist and seditionary.
The word sedition can also more broadly refer to activities
that show resistance or oppositionto a government more generally.
This use is sometimes done for rhetorical effect
or when condemning authoritarian governments
who are accusing, punishing, or jailing its critics or opponents as guilty of sedition.
The word sedition was first recorded in the 1300s.
It comes from the Latin noun sēditiō, meaning “sedition, insurrection, mutiny.”
The word is based on rootsthat literally mean “a going apart.”
What is treason?
Treason is
“the offense of acting to overthrow one’s government or to harm or kill its sovereign.”
Its adjective formsare treasonable and treasonous,
and its noun form (e.g., a person who has committed treason) is traitor.
Treason can also refer to a more basic violation of allegiance to one’s ruler or state.
An act of betrayal is sometimes called treason too in everyday language,
often to heighten its emotional impact.
Treason is used more facetiously, too, e.g.,
When my boyfriend started rooting against our home team in the playoff game, I charged him with treason.
The word treason was first recorded in English between 1175 and 1225.
Entering English from French, treason comes from the Latin trāditiōn-,
a stem of the verb trāditiō, “betrayal”—and literally, “a handing over.”
What is an insurrection?
An insurrection is “an act or instance of rising in revolt, rebellion,
or resistance against civil authority or an established government.”
The noun form, for someone who partakes in an insurrection, is insurrectionist or insurrectionary.
The word insurrection is often used as a synonym for the words rebellion, revolt, and uprising.
The word insurrection was first recorded in the 1400s.
It ultimately comes from the Latin verb insurgere, meaning “to rise up, ascend, rebel.”
What is a coup?
In politics, a coup is short for coup d’état,
which is “a sudden and decisive action in politics,
especially one resulting in a change of government illegally or by force.”
Sometimes, like insurrection or sedition,
the word coup is used broadly to refer to a mutiny
or any example of a group suddenly seizing power from any leader, not just a political one.
The word coup was first recorded in the 1640s.
It literally means “blow” or “stroke” in French, hence one of its additional meanings in English:
“a highly successful, unexpected stroke, act, or move; a clever action or accomplishment.”
The full phrase coup d’etat literally means “blow of (against) the state.”
What is terrorism?
Terrorism is “the use of violence and threats to intimidateor coerce,
especially for political purposes.” The noun form of terrorism is a terrorist.
The word terrorism was first recorded in the late 1700s.
It is based on the word terror, which comes from the Latin verb terrēre, meaning “to frighten.”
Putting it all together: sedition vs. treason vs. insurrection vs. coup vs. terrorism
Sedition is incitement or promotion of rebellion against the government,
while an insurrection is an active rebellion or uprising against the government.
In the context of government overthrow,
the word coup is short for coup d’état,
which narrowly refers to an illegal or forceful change of government,
as opposed to an uprising in general.
A coup may be attempted with the intention of removing a single political leader,
rather than instituting an entirely new form of government,
for example.
Despite the differences in their meanings, terms like sedition, insurrection, and coup are sometimes used in the discussion of the same events.
For example, sedition may inspire an insurrection that results in a coup.
Terrorism involves the use of violence or threats of violence
—especially against civilians
—to achieve some political aim.
Domestic terrorism specifically refers to acts of terrorism against one’s fellow citizens,
whereas acts of international terrorism are
perpetrated by people connected to foreign groups or nations.
By contrast, the word insurrection typically refers to acts that target the government,
rather than civilians.
However, some acts of insurrection may also be considered acts of terrorism.
What is a banana republic?
Finally, a brief note on banana republic.
Some discussing the events of January 6
described them as having the atmosphere of a banana republic,
which refers to an authoritarian country
known for exploiting its citizens for the benefit of wealthy elites and foreign corporations.
The term banana republic was coined by writer William Sydney Porter (O. Henry) in his 1904 collection of stories Cabbages and Kings.
The term was originally used to describe Central America countries who were dependent on foreign fruit companies during the early 20th Century.
Due to disparaging associations with Central American countries, use of the term is often criticized.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
'Treason' and 'sedition'
Treason and sedition have both been getting a workout in recent days,
as people across the political spectrum are using the words with considerable gusto.
The frequent appearances of these words of late, coupled with the likelihood that
such use is unlikely to diminish in the near future,
calls for an explication of their meanings,
and the ways in which they differ from one another.
We define treason as “the offense of attempting
by overt acts to overthrow the government of the state
to which the offender owes allegiance or to kill or personally injure the sovereign or the sovereign's family” and, somewhat more loosely, as “the betrayal of a trust.”
Sedition is defined as
“incitement of resistance to or insurrection against lawful authority.”
However, it is important to note that
the U. S. Constitution contains a definition of treason
that is narrower than ours; Article III, Section 3 states that
“Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort.”
Sedition is often thought of as one step shy of treason.
While it too refers to an attempt to overthrow the government of one’s country,
sedition is limited to organizing and encouraging,
but not the direct participation in overthrowing a government.
Our Antedating of the Week: 'conspiracy theory'
For our antedating of the week we are looking at conspiracy theory,
because we have a feeling that this is another word
that will be much in the news in the coming months,
and we are always looking to help our readers stock up
on readily accessible nuggets of small talk which may come in handy
when discussing politics around the water cooler at work.
Previously our earliest record of conspiracy theory
(defined as “a theory that explains an event
or set of circumstances as the result of a secret plot by usually powerful conspirators”)
was from 1871; recent findings show that it was in use as far back as 1868.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Treason
Definition = the offense of attempting by overt acts
to overthrow the government of the state to which the offender owes allegiance
or to kill or personally injure the sovereign or the sovereign's family
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Word History
What Is 'Treason,' Anyway?
Some clarification on a complicated word
Treason is a word about which many people have firmly held opinions.
However, these opinions are often in opposition to each other,
and as a result it's not uncommon to end up with as many questions as answers.
Must a country be at war for someone to commit treason against it?
What is the difference between treason and sedition?
If I commit treason in my sleep, and don't remember it, can I still be charged?
At least some of these questions have answers.
The English-speaking people have been using treason for a very long time
(since the 13th century), and, as is so often the case when a word has such longevity,
it has more than one meaning.
The earliest sense of the wordis "the betrayal of a trust or confidence,"
but there are also of course a number of legal senses,
not all of which (quelle surprise) are concerned with the judicial system of the United States.
Treason comes up in the Constitution of the United States
(“Treason against the United States shall
consist only in levying war against them,
or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort”),
but it was borrowed from the English use of the word.
English law had been using treason in a technical manner
for hundreds of years before our country came about,
and even managed to divide treason into a number of different categories.
For instance, petit treason
("the crime committed by a servant in killing his master, by a wife in killing her husband")
was differentiatedfrom high treason ("treason against the sovereign or the state").
The use of the word that most of our readers are curious about is not,
we presume, related to some division between types of treason in English law.
So, let's look at good old-fashioned American treason.
We offer a legal definition, which reads as follows:
The offense of attempting to overthrow the government of one's country
or of assisting its enemies in war; specifically:
the act of levying war against the United States
or adhering to or giving aid and comfort to its enemies by one who owes it allegiance.
This seems rather clear, doesn't it? Well, yes and no.
If you are a discussing whether someone should in fact be charged with this crime
such a definition may well address most of your questions.
But legal scholars (and people who just like to argue about what words mean)
are not all in agreement about what constitutes treason.
Once you start debatingwhat words
such as aid, comfort, enemies, and allegiance really mean
it can quickly become possibleto have wildly differing opinions on treason's particulars.
We also have a long and proud tradition of politicians in the United States
interpreting the technical sense of treason in a rather broad manner.
Thomas Jefferson seems to have been of the opinion that people who tried to set up the Federal bank in the US (he preferred the Virginia banks) were guilty of treason.
If you take your definition of treason straight from the Constitution
then it is quite narrowly defined;
it involves countries with whom we are at war and efforts by both citizens of the US,
and also non-citizens who owe allegiance to it, to aid these enemies.
It differs from sedition ("incitement of resistance to or insurrection against lawful authority"),
as this crime generally consists of advocating revolt against a government,
as opposed to working in concert with an enemy to overthrow it.
Additionally, treason is frequently found used in its earliest sense, "the betrayal of a trust."
And so if you ever find yourself neck-deep in an argument
about whether such-and-such a politician did or did not commit the specific crime of treason
you can always do the sensible thing, and quote Emily Dickinson.
The treason of an accent
Might vilify the Joy—
To breathe,—corrode the rapture
Of Sanctity to be.
— Emily Dickinson, The Treason of an Accent (from The single hound), 1915
Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. US Department of Defense 2005
Treason =
Violation of the allegiance owed to one's sovereign or state;
betrayal of one's country.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary,
syn: treason, sedition mean disloyalty or treachery to one's country or its government.
treason is any attempt to overthrow the government or impair the well- being of a state to which one owes allegiance.
According to the U.S. Constitution,
it is the crime of levying war against the U.S. or giving aid and comfort to its enemies.
sedition is any act, writing, speech, etc.,
directed unlawfully against state authority,
the government, or the constitution,
or calculated to bring it into contempt or to incite others to hostility or disaffection;
it does not amount to treason and therefore is not a capital offense.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions
Treachery& treason
Both treachery and treasonimply
a willful, deliberate betrayalof thrust or confidence.
Treachery could be applied to the act of being disloyal to a friend
or to making unkind statements about someone behind his back.
Treason, however, applies solely to betrayal of one’s country,
to disloyalty to one’s citizenship, to violation of allegiance to one’s chosen land:
“Benedict Arnold committed an act of treason.”
“All treasonable
acts are treacherous, but not all treachery
is treason.
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