2021-02-14 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด T – to & too & two
2021-02-14
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด T – to & too & two
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง to = ‘TOO’ unstressed = ‘too’ or ‘tuh’
ออกเสียง too = ‘TOO’
ออกเสียง two = ‘TOO’
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
To = toward, on, against, upon
Not to be confused with:
too = also: me too; excessive: too much
two = a number: Take two; they’re small.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
TO
To is used in several different ways as a preposition.
Its usual pronunciation is /tə/.
However, when it is followed by a word beginning with a vowel sound,
it is pronounced /tu/
and when it comes at the end of a clause,
it is pronounced /tuː/.
1. destination
You use to when you mention the place where someone goes.
I'm going with her to Australia.
The children have gone to school.
I made my way back to my seat.
Don't use 'to' in front of here or there.
Don't say, for example, 'We go to there every year'.
Say 'We go there every year'.
Before I came here, there were a few offers from other clubs.
His mother was from New Orleans and he went there every summer.
Also, don't use 'to' in front of home.
I want to go home.
I'll pick the parcels up on my way home.
2. direction
You can use to to show the place that a person is intending to arrive at.
We're sailing to Europe.
We used to go through Yugoslavia on our way to Greece.
However, don't use 'to' to show the general direction
in which someone or something is moving.
Don't say, for example, 'The boat was drifting to the shore'.
You say 'The boat was drifting towards the shore'.
He saw his mother running towards him.
We turned to fly back towards Heathrow.
Toward is sometimesused instead of towards.
They walked along the pathway toward the house.
You also say that someone looks towards or toward something.
She glanced towards the mirror.
He stood looking toward the back of the restaurant.
3. position
You can use to to show the position of something.
For example, if something is to your left,
it is nearer your left side thanyour right side.
My father was in the middle, with me to his left carrying the umbrella.
To the west lies Gloucester.
You can also use to to show where something is tied or attached,
or what it is touching.
I locked my bike to a fence.
He clutched the parcel to his chest.
4. time
To is sometimes usedwith a similar meaning to 'until'.
Breakfast was from 9 to 10.
Only ten shopping days to Christmas.
5. indirect objects
You put to in front of the indirect object of some verbs
when the indirect object comes after the direct object.
He showed the letter to Barbara.
6. used in infinitives
To is used for introducinga special kind of clause called a to-infinitiveclause.
He was doing this to make me more relaxed.
She began to cry.
Be Careful!
Don't confuse to with too or two,
both of which are pronounced /tuː/.
Be Careful!
You use too to show that what has just been said
applies to someone or something else.
I'm on your side. Mike is too.
Be Careful!
You also use too when you want to say that an amount
or degree of something is more than is desirable or acceptable.
Eggs shouldn't be kept in the fridge, it's too cold.
See too
Be Careful!
Two is the number 2.
The two boys glanced at each other.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition.
Usage Note:
Some people object to the use of not too
as an equivalentof not very,
as in She was not too pleased with the results.
In many contexts
this construction is entirely idiomatic
and should pass without notice:
It wasn't too long ago that deregulation was being hailed as the savior of the savings and loan industry.
It was not too bright of them to build in an area where rock slides occur.
In these cases not too adds a note of ironic understatement.
Negation of too by can't
may sometimes lead to ambiguities,
as in You can't check your child's temperature too often,
which may mean either
that the temperature should be checked only occasionally
or that it should be checked as frequently as possible.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Too can be an adverbor a grading adverb.
1. used as an adverb
You use too as an adverb
to show that what has just been said applies to or includes someone or something else.
Of course, you're a teacher too, aren't you?
Hey, where are you from? Brooklyn? Me too!
2. used as a grading adverb
You use too in front of an adjective or adverb
to say that an amount or degree of a quality is more than is needed or wanted.
By then he was far too tall for his little bed.
I realized my mistake too late.
Don't use'very' in front of too.
Don't say, for example, 'The hat was very too small for her'.
Say 'The hat was much too small for her' or 'The hat was far too small for her'.
That may seem much too expensive.
You can use rather, slightly, or a bit in front of too.
The dress was rather too small for her.
His hair had grown slightly too long over his ears.
I'm afraid the price may just be a bit too high.
Be Careful!
Don't use 'fairly', 'quite', or 'pretty' in front of too.
You don'tnormally use too with an adjective in front of a noun.
Don't say, for example, 'These are too big boots'.
You say 'These boots are too big'.
However, too is sometimes used with an adjective
in front of a noun in formal or literary English.
A or an is put after the adjective.
For example, you can say
'This is too complex a problem to be dealt with here'.
Don't say'This is a too complex problem to be dealt with here'.
That's too easy an answer.
Somehow, Vadim seems too nice a man for the job.
3. used as an intensifier
Some people use too in front of words like kind
to say how grateful they are. This is fairly formal.
You're too kind.
However, you don't usually use 'too' in front of an adjective or adverb simply to emphasize it.
Don't say, for example, 'I am too pleased with my new car'.
The word you use is very.
She was upset and very angry.
Think very carefully.
See very
4. 'too much' and 'too many'
You can use too much with an uncountable noun
to say that there is more of something than is needed or wanted.
They said I was earning too much money.
You can also say that there is too little of something.
There would be too little moisture for the plants to grow.
You can use too many with a countable noun
to say that there are more people or thingsthan are needed or wanted.
I was making too many mistakes.
You can also say that there are too few people or things.
Too few people nowadays are interested in literature.
You can use much too much or far too much
with an uncountable noun to say that
there is very much moreof something than is necessary or desirable.
This would leave much too much power in the hands of the judges.
These people are getting far too much attention.
You can use far too many with a countable noun
to say that there is a much larger number of peopleor things
than is necessary or desirable.
Don't say that there are 'much too many' of them.
Every middle-class child gets far too many toys.
Be Careful!
Don't use too much or much too much in front of an adjective
which is not followed by a noun.
Don't say, for example, 'It's too much hot to play football'.
Say 'It's too hot to play football' or 'It's much too hot to play football'.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
So, very,and too
can all be used to intensify the meaning
of an adjective, an adverb, or a word like much or many.
1. 'very'
Very is a simple intensifier, without any other meaning.
The room was very small.
We finished very quickly.
See very
2. 'so'
So can suggest an emotion in the speaker,
such as pleasure, surprise, or disappointment.
Juan makes me so angry!
Oh, thank you so much!
So can also refer forward to a result clause introduced by that.
The traffic was moving so slowly that he arrived three hours late.
3. 'too'
Too suggests an excessive or undesirable amount.
The soup is too salty.
She wears too much make-up.
Too can be usedwith a to-infinitive
or with for to say that a particular result does not or cannot happen.
He was too late to save her.
The water was too cold for swimming.
See too
Collins COBUILD English Usage
when you are giving more information about something.
1. 'also'
Also is usually used in front of a verb.
If there is no auxiliary verb,
you put also immediately in front of the verb,
unless the verb is be.
I also began to be interested in cricket.
They also helped out.
If the verb is be, you put also after it.
I was also an American.
If there is an auxiliary verb, you put also after the auxiliary verb.
The symptoms of the illness were also described in the book.
If there is more than one auxiliary verb,
you put also after the first one.
We'll also be learning about healthy eating.
Also is sometimes put at the beginning of a clause.
She is very intelligent. Also, she is gorgeous.
Be Careful!
Don't put also at the end of a clause.
2. 'too'
You usually put too at the end of a clause.
Now the problem affects middle-class children, too.
I'll miss you, and Steve will, too.
In conversation, too is used after a word or phrase
when you are making a brief comment on something
that has just been said.
'His father kicked him out of the house.' – 'Quite right, too.'
'They've finished mending the road.' – 'About time, too!'
Too is sometimes put after the first noun phrase in a clause.
I wondered whether I too would become ill.
, Melissa, too, felt miserable.
However, the position of too
can make a difference to the meaning ofa sentence.
'I am an American too' can mean either
'Like the person just mentioned, I am an American' or
'Besides having the other qualities just mentioned, I am an American'.
However, 'I too am an American' can only mean
'Like the person just mentioned, I am an American'.
Don't put too at the beginning of a sentence.
For more information, see too
3. 'as well'
As well always goes at the end of a clause.
Filter coffee is better for your health than instant coffee.
And it tastes nicer as well.
They will have a difficult year next year as well.
4. negatives
You don't usually use 'also', 'too', or 'as well' in negative clauses.
Don't say, for example, 'I'm not hungry and she's not hungry too'.
You say 'I'm not hungry and she's not hungry either',
'I'm not hungry and neither is she', or
'I'm not hungry and nor is she'.
Edward wasn't at the ceremony, either.
'I don't normally drink coffee in the evening.' – 'Neither do I.'
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Two
The adjective two-bit owes its meaning of "cheap," "trivial," or "petty"
(as in "a two-bit thief" or "a two-bit town")
to the value of twomonetary bits.
The bit is a cointhat has been assigned various values over the years,
but it has been generally held to be equal to1/8 of a U.S. dollar
or 12 and a half cents.
Two bits then is equal to a quarter,
and a quarter of something is fractional
—hence, two-bit came to refer to someone
or something of little value by the 19th century.
In the early 1900s, two cents (or two cents' worth)
was deposited in English as a word for an opinion
offered on a topic under discussion.
The idea behind this figure of speech is that
the person is offering a contribution
that could very well be significant or valuable
or could be insignificantor valueless
—either way at least they contributed.
It is often used after offer or put in:
"offer your two cents";
"put in your two cents' worth."
The idiom in two shakes
—variations of which go back to the 19th century
—means "very quickly or soon,"
and some word histories connect it to the lamb's shaking of its tail.
The young sheep does tend to shake its tail in a brisk manner,
and when things are said to be done "in two shakes of lamb's tail,"
it means they are done quickly;
however, earlier similar expressions refer to the shaking of a hand.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions
to
In addition to its primary meaning of “in the direction of,”
to is used before a verb to indicate an infinitive (towalk, to eat).
In this usage, it may appear in place of the infinitive:
“You may eat now if you want to (eat).
To is unnecessarily added to many verbs that mean “to assert”:
“admit to,” “certify to,” “swear to.”
The addition of to in such instances results in weakening of the verb
as well asin wordiness.
To is nonstandard in the sense of “at”:
Say “Jack was at (not to) home.”
To should be omittedafter where.
Say “Where are you going?” not “Where are you going to?”
To-do is slang for “a stir,” “bustle,” “a fuss.”
Among overworked expressions
involving to are “to that end,”
“come to” (“return to consciousness”),
“to the best of my knowledge,”
“turn to with a will.”
“to and fro,” and
“to a T” (here T stands for title, a small quantity, jot, particle;
the expression means “down to the last small detail”).
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