2021-01-06 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด S – Science fiction SF
2021-01-06
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด S – Science fiction SF
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Science = ‘SAHY-uhns’
ออกเสียง fiction = ‘FIK-shuhn’
THE AMERICAN HERITAGE® SCIENCE DICTIONARY
science
The investigation of natural phenomena
through observation, theoretical explanation, and experimentation,
or the knowledge produced by such investigation.
Science makes use of the scientific method,
which includes the careful observation of natural phenomena,
the formulation of a hypothesis,
the conducting of one or more experiments to test the hypothesis,
and the drawing of a conclusion that confirms or modifies the hypothesis.
See Note at hypothesis.
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR FICTION
Fiction, fabrication, figment
suggest a story that is without basisin reality.
Fiction suggests a story invented and fashioned
either to entertain or to deceive:
clever fiction; pure fiction.
Fabrication applies particularly toa false but carefully invented statement
or series of statements, in whichsome truth is sometimes interwoven,
the whole usually intended to deceive:
fabrications to lure speculators.
Figment applies to a tale, idea, or statement often made up
to explain, justify, or glorify oneself:
His rich uncle was a figment of his imagination.
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
fiction
= literature consisting of imaginative stories and characters,
as novels and short stories:
Her book is a work of fiction.;
= the act of feigning, inventing, or imagining;
fable, fantasy
Not to be confused with:
faction = discord, disagreement, schism, split, friction;
a group or clique within a larger group:
A faction in the government wants to rewrite the Constitution.;
= dissension: a time of faction and strife
Dictionary.com
“Fictional,” “Fictitious,” And “Fictive”: Are They Synonyms?
Although some people absolutely love reading true stories,
there are others who have no interest in nonfiction books.
Instead, they prefer to dive into stories from made-up universes
instead of immersing themselves in facts.
So do they prefer fictional novels, fictitious tales, or fictive stories?
All three of these adjectives look and sound similar,
but are they synonyms that can be interchanged?
The answer is yes … depending on the sentence;
although these are different words,
all three have close denotations that make them synonyms
except for a few slight distinctions. Let’s take a look.
What does fictional mean?
Fictional is an adjective
defined as “invented as part of a work of fiction.”
For example, Dr. Meredith Grey is a fictional character on a TV show
and is not an actual medical provider.
Fictional also means “of, like, or characterized by fiction.”
In this case,
Tommy read a fictional story about monsters
for his book report instead of studying a historical figure.
This word refers to things that are made upfrom imagination
instead of the truth.
Fictional was first recorded in 1840–45
and is derived from the Latin verb fingĕre
(“to mold, fashion, make a likeness of, pretend to be”).
Synonyms for fictional
include fabricated, fanciful, imaginary, imagined, made-up, make-believe, fictive, invented, and fictitious.
What does fictitious mean?
Like fictional,
fictitious means not genuine or false
and is defined as “of, relating to, or consisting of fiction;
imaginatively produced or set forth; created by the imagination.”
For example,
a fictitious stranger who needed help is a perfect excuse for being late.
However, unlike fictional,
this word isn’t just about make-believe or the imaginary
—the intention behind the fabrication can be just as important.
That’s because fictitious is also defined as “created, taken,
or assumed for the sake of concealment.”
For example, when they entered into the Witness Protection Program,
the Smith family had to take on fictitious identities
and could never reveal who they really were.
Therefore, fictitious and fictional can be interchanged in circumstances
referring to things that are made up orimaginary.
But if the intention is to invent something in order to conceal the truth, then fictitious should be used and not fictional.
First originating in 1605–15, fictitious derives from the Latin word fictīcius
meaning “artificial,” which can be traced back to fingĕre, like fictional.
Synonyms for fictitious
include apocryphal, bogus, counterfeit, fabricated, fanciful, and imaginary.
What does fictive mean?
Lastly in this trio we have fictive:
an adjective that is similar to fictional,
as it means “pertaining to the creation of fiction.”
However, it’s also defined as “a rare word forfictitious” and “fictitious; imaginary.”
That makes fictive a synonym for both fictional and fictitious
as well as fabricated, fanciful, imaginary, and imagined.
The first recorded use of fictive was in 1485–95,
and it comes from the French adjective fictive (“invented”),
which ultimately is derived from—you guessed it—fingĕre.
Since fictive can describe bothsomething that is not real
as well as an imaginative creation,
it can replace both fictional and fictitious in a sentence.
For example, to escape the horrors of his own reality,
the little boy created a fictive (or fictional)world
complete with an imaginary best friend.
In order to scam her classmates,
she came up with a fictive (or fictitious)
product to sell and collected their money before she “delivered” it.
How to use each word
It can be slightly confusing to know
which word can be used in what sentences
since fictional and fictive completely overlap,
fictitious and fictive can be interchanged,
but fictional and fictitious can only be swapped
depending on the intended meaning.
So, a general rule that completely simplifies this love triangle is:
- if the adjective is modifying a noun that’s a sham or created to mislead, then stick to fictitious.
- That’s because fictive is less often used in the negative, scamming, sense and fictional never is.
- For example, although it may not have been her original intention, Elizabeth Holmes had a phony product that was delivering fictitious results to patients.
However, if the intended meaning is something that’s purely pretend
or make believe without the negative implication of faking something
in order to mislead, then all three options can be used.
Examples of this include:
- When they were younger, the Smith siblings created a fictional
(or fictitious, fictive) language that only they could understand and completely stumped their parents.
- Although it was only depicting fictitious (or fictional, fictive) events,
the episode’s cliffhanger had his heart beating and palms clammy from the suspense.
- Although The Handmaid’s Tale is a fictive (or fictional, fictitious) story first published in 1985, the recent TV adaptation incorporates many elements that feel uncomfortably current and realistic to viewers.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
2013 Word of the Year - Science
Curiosity is often piqued by events in the news,
but dictionary data often reflects what’s troublesome
or complex about English,
including abstract words that have broad and varied applications.
Culture (more on that later) is one such word,
and it has become a perennial evergreen on our lookup list.
So has science,our Word of the Year for 2013.
It was a year without a single big story like a presidential election
or economic recession, and yet this word’s rise in our data
accompanied a national discussion about big issues
like faith in science, climate change, and Mars exploration,
as well as more focused stories
like identifying the DNA of Richard III
and assessing the role of Malcolm Gladwell’s successful books in popularizing scientific research.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Word History
The Authentic History of 'Junk Science'
We tested and verified its accuracy
If you have spent any significant amount of time reading content online,
or if you’ve spent a small amount of time reading content online,
or if you’ve ever spoken to someone who has done either,
chances are very good that
you’ve come across the compound noun junk science.
The word is often encountered in discussions of scientific matters
where not all parties involved agree with each other,
and one party wishes to cast aspersions at the views, techniques,
or motivations of another.
The junk that is modifying science
here has been in English since the 14th century,
initially meaning “pieces of old cable or cordage
used especially to make gaskets, mats, swabs, or oakum.”
The sense of junk meaning “any of various ships of Chinese waters
with bluff lines, a high poop and overhanging stem,
little or no keel, high pole masts, and a deep rudder”
is etymologically unrelated to the “worthless” meaning of the word
(which is from the Middle English jonke),
as it comes from the Portuguese word junco, from the Javanese joṅ (“ship”).
Junk took on a number of other sensesin the following centuries,
most of which are applied to things of poor or worn-out quality.
The sense which is perhaps most common today,
meaning “trash,” is a relative newcomer, dating from the mid-19th century.
Junk has also been very successfulin functioning as
an attributive noun, in which it performs the role of an adjective,
modifying a noun which follows it.
Among the earliest such uses is junk shop,
which has been used since at least 1800.
Goget Frederick, iron & junk shop, Ship street.— The Boston Directory, 1800
This species of depredation was carried on by the most desperate and depraved class of the fraternity of nautical vagabonds, aided by receivers, who kept old iron and junk shops, in places adjacent to the river, ever ready to deposit and to conceal the nocturnal plunder of these hostile marauders. — Patrick Colquhoun, A Treatise on the Commerce and Police of the River Thames, 1800
Other common junk-compounds
include junkyard, junk mail, and junk food.
Ald. Wylie remarked, that Hughey Clark, who keeps a junk yard in Bridge street, had a large quantity of these old meters, which were sold by the Water Board. — The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (Brooklyn, NY), 27 Sept. 1873
The letter mail, by actual count, averages about a half million letters a month. On top of that are tons upon tons of what is called “junk” mail, circular letters, such as business houses send to each and every member.
— The Evening Star (Washington, DC), 18 Dec. 1921
The two-time St. Paul Open champion decided to eliminate what he termed “junk food” early last winter and dipped from 220 to 198 pounds.
— Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN), 29 Jul. 1959
Science and junk haveoccasionally been paired
throughout the 20th century, but not with a fixed meaning.
We begin to see them used in the sense
“science or scientific resultsof a fraudulent or misleading nature”
in the early and mid-1980s.
Mr. LENT. It is explicitly deemed relevant in the administrative case and I say implicit in the way the language is written in the bill of Mr. Florio, it is implicit if not explicit that that kind of some people call it junk science evidence could be admissible in the tort litigation as well.
— Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism, 1984
Calling Florio’s compensation scheme a potential “pot of gold,” Lent said, “You can prove anything with the junk science techniques they have now.”
— The Philadelphia Inquirer, 25 Mar. 1984
”Explorers” offers up Yet another of the summer’s kid-buddy movies, a science fantasy that is saved from its junk-science travesty by the presence of three engaging young boys who take off into the wild space yonder and meet the strangest beings.
— The Des Moines Register (Des Moines, IA), 11 Jul. 1985
The use of such “junk science” has resulted in findings which simply cannot be justified.
— The Courier-Post (Camden, NJ), 23 May 1986
Junk science became far more commonin the following decade,
and now seems well on its way
to entering the pantheon of English junk compounds.
The word is frequently found in contentious discussions
on scientific matters of a political mien,
and some find that it is used as a somewhat arbitrary label
in an attempt to discredit disagreeable (although not inaccurate) results.
We cannot give you information which would be useful
for those times you find yourself arguing with someone about
the validity (or lack thereof) some scientific thing,
so we’ll content ourselves with giving grist for your lexical mill.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
History and Etymology for fiction
Middle English ficcioun "invention of the mind,"
borrowed from Middle French fiction,
borrowed from Latin fictiōn-, fictiō
"action of shaping or molding, feigning, pretense,
legal fiction," from fig-, variant stem of fingere
"to mold, fashion, make a likeness of,
pretend to be" + -tiōn-, -tiō, suffix of verbal action
— more at FEIGN
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Words We're Watching
New Adventures in 'Cli-Fi'
Taking the temperature of a literary genre.
Since as long ago as the 1950s,
we have used sci-fi as a shortened expression of
the term science fiction,
referring to a genre of storytelling
that portrays, in ways truthful andspeculative,
how advances in science and technology impact our lives
for better or for worse.
The short form retains the initial syllable of each word in the longer phrase,
with the shared long-i creating a nifty, assonant rhyme.
It’s a similar truncation that gives us another genre of book
and film that sees increased relevance in our times: cli-fi.
Like sci-fi,
cli-fi deals with worlds realand imaginary,
but in this case the narrative deals with
how humans manage living in environments with severely altered climates.
The cli- in cli-fi is short for climate,
and cli-fi is fiction that projectshow climate patterns, and severe changes
in such patterns, affect or will affectour lives.
When it comes to courting the interest of younger generations,
it certainly helps that cli-fi is emerging at the movies and on TV.
Last year's Christopher Nolan epic Interstellar
shows the American Midwest turning into a second Dust Bowl,
with a forecast so dire it drives humans to seeka new planet.
In 2014's Snowpiercer, a bungled attempt to stop global warming
creates a new ice age.
Margaret Atwood’s popular cli-fi trilogy MaddAddam
is currently being adapted into a series for HBO,
whose wildly popular show Game of Thrones also flirts,
if unintentionally, with global-warming themes.
— J. K. Ullrich, The Atlantic, 14 Aug. 2015
The genre of climate fiction is not new;
in fact, climate change, with a focus on the warming of global temperatures
and its likely causes, is not a new area of study.
Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish chemist
who later earned his country its first Nobel Prize,
constructed the first model
charting the influence of atmospheric carbon dioxide
on global temperature levels in 1896.
For his work, some call Arrhenius the father of climate science.
But research into climate fluctuation existedwell before that,
and climate fiction exists contemporaneously with Arrhenius’s work.
An early example of the genre is Jules Verne’s Sans dessus dessous (1889, translated as The Purchase of the North Pole or Topsy-Turvy),
in which engineers use a powerful cannon to eliminate the tilt of the Earth’s axis,
thereby doing away with seasons
and causing the ice in the Arctic shelf to thaw enough
to become penetrable
and make accessible vast coal depositsbelieved to be buried there.
Classics in the field of cli-fi include
Margaret Atwood’s MaddAddam trilogy, consisting of Oryx and Crake (2003),
The Year of the Flood (2009), and MaddAddam (2013);
the novels of J. G. Ballard (The Wind from Nowhere (1961),
The Drowned World (1962), and The Burning World (1964));
Ian McEwan’s Solar (2010), and Barbara Kingsolver’s Flight Behavior (2010).
There have been films categorized as cli-fi as well:
notable ones include 1995’s Waterworld,
in which Earth is submerged due to the melting of the polar ice caps,
and 2004’s The Day After Tomorrow, about a new global ice age.
And who could forget the drought-ravaged dystopia of the Mad Max franchise?
The word cli-fi is credited to Dan Bloom,
an English teacher and former journalist, who coined it in 2007.
Alarmed by what he felt was a deficiency of attention to climate science
in the popular consciousness,
Bloom sought a way to promote stories
that brought the subject to the forefront.
“I’m looking for the On the Beach of climate change,”
Bloom told The Literary Hub in 2017,
referring to Nevil Shute’s 1957 Cold War classic about postnuclear apocalypse.
“I’m looking for somebody somewhere in the world who can tell a story that has the power of On the Beach so it shocks people into awareness.”
Bloom launched a website as part of his campaign,
but the term caught on when other authors,
including Margaret Atwood herself,
began promoting writings on the subject on Twitter and other platforms.
Will cli-fi ever become as popular as sci-fi?
It’s too early to say.
But the genre has certainly made a splash, and that’s a change you can’t deny.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
Science fiction SF
“Sci-fi,” the widely used abbreviation for “science fiction,”
is objectionable to most
professional science fiction writers, scholars, and many fans.
Some of them scornfully designate alien monster movies
and other trivial entertainments “sci-fi”(which they pronounce “skiffy")
to distinguish them from true science fiction.
The preferred abbreviation in these circles is “SF.”
The problem with this abbreviation
is that to the general public “SF” means “San Francisco.”
“The Sci-Fi Channel” has exacerbated the conflictover this term.
If you are a reporter approaching a science fiction writer
or expert you immediately mark yourself as an outsider
by using the term “sci-fi."
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