2020-12-23
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด R – Referee & umpire
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Referee = ‘ref-uh-REE’
ออกเสียง umpire = ‘UHM-pahyuhr’
-Ologies & -Isms. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group
referee
= a person who decides a matter when
the parties to it are in conflict; an umpire or judge.
See also: Argumentation
Dictionary of Unfamiliar Words by Diagram Group
referee
= Arbiter who officiates the gameand is also the time keeper.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Referee - umpire
An umpire or referee is an official
whose job is to make sure that a game is played fairly
and that the rules are not broken.
1. 'umpire'
These games have an umpire or umpires:
Badminton – baseball – cricket -table tennis – tennis -volleyball
2. 'referee'
These games have a referee
Basketball – billiards -boxing -football – rugby football – snooker – wrestling
The official in charge of a hockey match is
sometimes called an umpire and sometimes a referee.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language
Umpire
Word History:
Had it not been for the linguistic process
known as false splitting or juncture loss,
the angry, anguished cry heard at sports events,
"Kill the ump," could have been"Kill the nump."
In the case of umpire we can almost see false splitting in action
by studying the Middle English Dictionary entry for noumpere,
the Middle English ancestor of our word.
Noumpere comes from Old French nonper,
made up of non, "not," and per, "equal."
As an impartial arbiter of a dispute between two people,
the umpire is not equivalent to ora partisan of either of them.
In Middle English the earliest recorded formis noumper (about 1350);
the earliest form without an n is owmpere, recorded in a document dated 1440.
How the n was lost can be seen if we compare the sequence
a noounpier in a text written in 1426-1427
with the sequence an Oumper from a text written probably around 1475.
In an Oumper, the n has become attached to the indefinite article,
giving us an instead of a and, eventually, umpire instead of numpire.
The same sort of false splitting has altered the forms of other words as well.
Apron, for example, used to be napron,
and adder used to be nadder.
The reverse process has also occurred in the history of English:
words that originally began with vowels acquiredan n from a preceding indefinite article.
Nickname comes from an obsolete phrase an eke name,
"an additional name."
Newt comes from an eute.
A variant of the Middle English word eute still survives as eft, "a newt."
Dictionary.com
VOCAB BUILDER
What does umpire mean?
An umpire is a kind of referee
who enforces the rules during certain sports,
such as baseball, softball, and cricket.
In higher levels of baseball and softball,
there are often multiple umpires on the field.
They are primarily responsible for determining whether base runners
are “safe” or “out.”
The most important one is the home plate umpire,
who determines whether each pitch is a “ball” or a “strike.”
Umpire is also sometimes used to refer to
someone who acts as an impartial judge
during some kind of conflict,
such as two friends having an argument,
as in Jane and Mike were losing their tempers with each other at the meeting so I had to step in and act as an umpire until they calmed down.
Less commonly,
umpire can be used as a verb
meaning to perform the duties ofan umpire,
as in I signed up to umpire my daughter’s softball games.
An informal short form of umpire is ump,
which can also be used as both a noun and a verb.
It’s especially used as an informal way to address an umpire,
as in Hey, ump, that was way out of the strike zone!
Example: The umpire called him out, but I’m pretty sure he was safe.
Where does umpire come from?
The first records of the word umpire come from the 1300s.
It comes from the Old French nomper, meaning “arbiter”
or “one who is not equal,”
from non-, “not,” and per, “peer” or “equal.”
Nomper was adopted into Middle English as noumpere
but eventually became umpere
—the first two letters were struck out
because people heard “a noumpere” as “an umpere.”
This is called metanalysis,
and the same thing happened in words
like apron (originally napron) and nickname (originally ekename).
Umpires are most commonly associated with baseball,
but other sports have umpires.
In professional American football,
the umpire is one of several officials
who each have different titles and responsibilities.
Tennis has chair umpires andline umpires.
In other sports, the person in this positionis called a referee or judge.
In all such cases, the role of the umpire or referee
is to be an enforcer of the rules
who does not favor either player or team.
Being an umpire is often seen as a thankless job
since players and fans are known for arguing with their calls
(which, yes, are sometimes terrible).
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Misogynoir and umpire
A conflict with a chair umpire during the finals of the US Open
made Serena Williams the top topic at
just about every water cooler in the country this week.
Her eventual loss to Naomi Osaka and $17,000 in fines
were hard enough for Williams to swallow,
but the aftermath of the matchhas also resulted in
heightened criticism for the tennis phenom,
including an Australian political cartoon
that’s been called out as racist and sexistfor
its disturbing depiction of Williams.
The criticisms also drew attention to a word
added several years ago to dictionary.com:
misogynoir, which means the specifichatred, dislike, distrust
and prejudice directed toward black women.
The term made its first-ever appearance on the trending word list, while umpire also made its first appearance on the list.
The word refers to the person selected to rule on plays of the game.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
History of Umpire
The word umpire was formedby metanalysis,
or the changing of the division of words
based upon how they sound together.
The original word in English was noumpere,
which was a borrowing of the French term nompere.
The -pere of nompere was the French word for “equal,”
a descendant of the Latin word par (“equal”)
that is the root of words like peer, pair, and, of course, par.
Noumpere became the form used in English
for “one without equal” or “peerless,”
but frequent references to a noumpere ended up becoming
references to an oumpere, which became the modern word umpire.
It’s ironic that the word for a person
who literally calls balls and strikesis called by a name
created by a linguistic foul.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Umpire
It’s ironic that the word for a person who literallycalls balls and strikes
is called by a name created by a linguistic foul.
The original word in English was noumpere,
which was a borrowing of the French term nompere.
The -pere of nompere was the French word for “equal,”
a descendant of the Latin word par (“equal”)
that is the root of words like peer, pair,and, of course, par.
Noumpere became the form used in English for “one without equal”
or “peerless,”
but frequent references to “a noumpere” ended up becoming references to “an oumpere,”
which became the modern word umpire.
American Heritage Dictionary
umpire
WORD HISTORY:
The anguished, hostile cry “Kill the ump”
could have been “kill the nump”
had it not been for the linguistic process
known as false splitting or juncture loss.
In the case of umpire
we can almost see the process in action
if we study the Middle English Dictionary entry for noumpere,
the Middle English ancestor of our word.
Noumpere comes from the Old French nonper,
made up of non, “not,” and per, “equal,”
as is someone who is requested to act as arbiter of a dispute
between two people; that is,
the arbiter is not paired with one of them.
In Middle English the earliest recorded form is noumper (about 1350).
The earliest dated form without an n in the entry is owmpere
(a Middle English variant spelling), in a text composed in 1440.
How the n was lost can be seen if we compare the sequence a noounpier in a text written in 1426-1427 with the sequence an Oumper from a text written probably around 1475.
The n of noumpere became attached to the indefinite article,
giving us an instead of a and, eventually, umpire instead of ·numpire.
