2020-11-08 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด M - More & many & much
2020-11-08
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด M - More & many & much
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง More = ‘MAWR’
ออกเสียง many = ‘MEN-ee’
ออกเสียง much = ‘MUHCH’
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
more
in greater quantity, amount, measure, degree, or number: I need more time.
Not to be confused with:
moor – a tract of peaty wasteland with poor drainage;
- - to secure a vehicle such as a boat, ship, or dirigible in a particular place;
- - to fix firmly; secure: moor the ship to the dock
Moor – a Muslim of the mixed Berber and Arab people inhabiting northwest Africa
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR MANY
Many, innumerable, manifold, numerous
imply the presence or succession of a largenumber of units.
Many is a popular and common word for this idea: many times.
Numerous, a more formal word, refers to a great number or to very many units: letters too numerous to mention.
Innumerable denotes a number that is beyond count or, more loosely, that is extremely difficult to count: the innumerable stars in the sky.
Manifold implies not only that the number is large but also that there is variety or complexity.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Can 'Over' Mean "More Than"?
Over a hundred people will be annoyed by the answer.
At Merriam-Webster we have a proud tradition, over a hundred and sixty years old, of attempting to describe the English language as
it is actually used, rather than how it should be used.
And contrary to what you may have heard, we are not in favor of getting rid of all the rules; we just want to get rid of the specious ones
(yeah, you heard right…we said specious).
Like the one which states that
the use of over in the first sentence of this paragraph is somehow wrong.
Over' meaning "more than" has been in use since Old English.
Some people are of the opinion that
over should not be used in the sense of “more than,”
as they think this word is properly onlyapplied to spatial relationships.
This quantity meaning is one of a number of senses of the word
which were at one point thought improper.
Ambrose Bierce provided several of these in his early 20th century usage guide,
Write it Right:
Over for About, In, or Concerning.
“Don’t cry over spilt milk.”
“He rejoiced over his acquittal.”
Over for More than.
“A sum of over ten thousand dollars.”
“Upward of ten thousand dollars” is equally objectionable.
Over for On.
“The policeman struck him over the head.”
If the blow was over the head it did not hit him.
— Ambrose Bierce, Write it Right, 1909
Bierce appears to have based his objections to the “more than” sense of over
on the fact that it was included in the Index Expurgatorius,
the list of forbidden words compiled by William Cullen Bryant, editor of the New York Evening Post.
There were several other senses of over which were objected to in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; although we seem to have moved past the rest of them, there still are occasional objections to the “more than” use.
The reason that this rule is problematic is thatwe have been
using over to mean “more than” since Old English, and this use has been widespread in all varieties of the language.
But Reynolds having conveyed over fifteen hundred Men upon Planks, reduced them to his Obedience, giving the men liberty to remove to other places.
— George Bate, Elenchus Motuum Nuperorum in Anglia, 1685
…over 32,000 acres are under vineyards.
— Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed., 1910
Over two hundred friends from my district came.
— Tip O’Neill (with William Novak), Man of the House 1987
The fact that this questionable use of over was widespread with some our best writers (and some of our worst) did not seem to bother many people from advocating it as a rule. An article in Time magazine in 1948 pointed out one of the more striking examples of how this might be inconsistent, noting that the Detroit Free Press forbade its reporters using over in this way, while the paper proudly blazoned its motto “On Guard for Over a Century” on its front page.
If you feel the need to restrict yourself to writing or saying “more than” rather than “over” you may continue to do so.
And if you're really into retaining the proscriptions of a 19th century poet and newspaper editor then here are some of Bryant’s other rules, which are just as applicable today as the one he made about over. Henceforth stick to pantaloons rather than pants, jeopard rather than jeopardize, and avoid all uses of the words lengthy, talented, and taboo.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
More
Usage Note:
When a noun phrase contains more than one and a singular noun,
the verb is normally singular:
More than one editor is working on that project.
More than one field has been planted with oats.
When more than one is followedby of and a plural noun, the verb is plural:
More than one of the paintings were stolen.
More than one of the cottages are for sale.
When more than one stands alone, it usually takes a singular verb,
but it may take a plural verb if the notion of multiplicity predominates:
The operating rooms are all in good order.
More than one is (or are) equipped with the latest imaging technology.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary,
syn: many, numerous, innumerable, manifold
imply the presence of a large number of units.
many is a general word that refers to a large but indefinite number of units or individuals: many years ago; many friends and supporters.
numerous, a more formal word, stresses the individual and separate quality of the units: to receive numerous letters.
innumerable denotes a number that is too large to be counted or, more loosely, that is very difficult to count: the innumerable stars.
manifold implies that the number is large, but also varied or complex: manifold responsibilities.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
More
1. talking about a greater number or amount
You use more or more of to talk abouta larger number of people or things, or a larger amount of something.
You use more in front of a noun which does not have a determiner,
such as 'the' or 'a', or possessive,
such as 'my' or 'our', in front of it.
There are more people going to university than ever before.
They were offered more food than they needed.
You use more of in front of a pronoun,
such as us or it, or in front of a noun which has a determiner or possessive in front of it.
There are more of them looking for work now.
I've read more of his novels than anybody else's.
2. talking about an additional number or amount
You also use more or more of to talk about an additional number of people or things, or an additional amount of something.
More police officers will be brought in.
We need more information.
More of the land is needed to grow crops.
I ate some more of her cookies.
3. used with modifiers
You can use words
such as some and any and expressions
such as a lot in front of more and more of.
We need to buy some more milk.
I don't want to take up any more of your time.
She plans to invite a lot more people.
These words and expressions can be used in front of more and more of when they are followed by a plural form:
Any far lots many no
Several some and a few a good many a great many a lot
These words and expressions can be used in front of more and more of
when they are followed by an uncountable noun or a singular pronoun:
Any far lots much no
rather some a bit a good deal a great deal a little a lot
Be Careful!
Don't use 'many', 'several', 'a few', 'a good many', or 'a great many' in front of more or more of when they are followed by an uncountable noun or a singular pronoun.
Don't say, for example, 'I need a few more money.'
Say 'I need a bit more money' or 'I need a little more money'.
4. 'more than'
If you want to say that the number of people or things in a group
is greater than a particular number,
you use more than in front of the number.
Police arrested more than 70 people.
He had been awake for more than forty-eight hours.
When you use more than in front of a number and a plural noun,
use a plural form of a verb after it.
More than 100 people were injured.
More than a thousand cars pass over this bridge every day.
5. used in comparatives
More is also used in front of adjectives and adverbs to form comparatives.
My children are more important than my job.
Next time, I will choose more carefully.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Many
1. 'many' used in front of a plural noun
You use many immediately in front of the plural form of a noun to talk about a large number of people or things.
Many young people worry about their weight.
Her music is popular in many countries.
In positive statements, 'many' is slightly formal, and a lot of is often used instead.
A lot of people agree with this view.
See lot
In questions and negative statements, many is usually used rather than 'a lot of'.
Do many people in your country speak English?
There are not many books in the library.
2. 'many of'
To refer to a large number of the people or things in a particular group,
you use many of in front of a plural pronoun, or in front of a plural noun phrase beginning with the, these, those, or a possessive such as my or their.
Many of them were forced to leave their homes.
Many of the plants had been killed by cold weather.
Many of his books are still available.
3. 'many' used as a pronoun
Many is sometimes used as a pronoun to refer to a large group of people or things.
This is a fairly formal use.
Many have asked themselves whether this was the right thing to do.
Be Careful!
Don't use 'many' or 'many of' before an uncountable noun, to talk about a large quantity or amount of something.
Use much or much of.
See much
4. 'many more'
You can use many with more to emphasize the difference in size between two groups of people or things.
I have many more friends here than I did in my home town.
We have had many more problems recently than before.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Much
1. 'very much'
You use very much to say that something is true to a great extent.
I enjoyed it very much.
When very much is used with a transitive verb, it usually goes after the object.
Don't use it immediately after the verb.
Don't say, for example, 'I enjoyed very much the party'.
Say 'I enjoyed the party very much'.
Be Careful!
In positive sentences,
don't use much without very.
Don't say, for example, 'I enjoyed it much' or 'We much agree'
Say 'I enjoyed it very much' or 'We very much agree'.
In negative sentences, you can use much without 'very'.
I didn't like him much.
The situation is not likely to change much.
2. 'much' meaning 'often'
You can also use much in negative sentences and questions to mean 'often'.
She doesn't talk about them much.
Does he come here much?
Be Careful!
Don't use 'much' in positive sentences to mean 'often'.
Don't say, for example, 'He comes here much'.
Many other words and expressions can be used to indicate degree.
3. used with comparatives
You often use much or very much in front of comparative adjectives and adverbs.
For example, if you want to emphasize the difference in size between two things,
you can say that one thing is much bigger or very much bigger than the other.
She was much older than me.
Now I can work much more quickly.
Much more and very much more can be used in front of a noun to emphasize the difference between two quantities or amounts.
She needs much more time to finish the job.
We had much more fun than we expected.
4. 'much too'
You use much too in front of an adjective to say that something cannot be done or achieved because someone or something has too much of a quality.
The bedrooms were much too cold.
The price is much too high for me.
Be Careful!
In sentences like these you put much in front of too, not after it.
Don't say, for example, 'The bedrooms were too much cold'.
5. used as a determiner
You use much in front of an uncountable noun to talk about a large quantity or amount of something.
Much is usually used like this in negative sentences, in questions, or after too, so, or as.
I don't think there is much risk involved.
Is this going to make much difference?
The President has too much power.
My only ambition is to make as much money as possible.
In positive sentences, a lot of is usually used instead of 'much',
especially in conversation and less formal writing.
There is a lot of risk involved in what he's doing.
See lot
In more formal writing, much is sometimes used,
especially before abstract nouns such as discussion, debate, or attention.
Much emphasis has been placed on equality of opportunity in education.
6. 'much of'
In front of it, this, or that, use much of, not 'much'.
We saw a film but I don't remember much of it.
Much of this is already possible.
You also use much of in front of a noun phrase which begins with a determiner,
such as the or a, or a possessive, such as my or his.
Much of the food was vegetarian.
Carla spends much of her time helping other people.
In positive sentences, a lot of is usually used instead of 'much of',
especially in conversation and less formal writing.
She spends a lot of her free time reading.
See lot
7. used as a pronoun
You can use much as a pronoun to refer to a large quantity or amount of something.
There wasn't much to do.
Much has been learned about how the brain works.
Be Careful!
You don't usually use 'much' as an object pronoun in positive sentences.
Instead you use a lot.
For example,
don't say 'He knows much about butterflies'.
Say 'He knows a lot about butterflies'.
She talks a lot about music.
I've learned a lot from him.
See lot
8. 'how much'
You use how much when you are asking the price of something.
I like that dress – how much is it?
See how much
Be Careful!
Don't use 'much' or 'much of' with plural countable nouns,
to talk about a large number of people or things.
Use many or many of.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
More & most
“More so” should always be spelled as two distinct words.
“Most always” is a casual, slangy way of saying “almost always.”
The latter expression is better in writing.
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