2020-11-02 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด M - Marital - martial - marshal
2020-11-02
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด M - Marital - martial - marshal
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้องนี้ เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานการใช้ภาษา
การใช้คำอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Marital = ‘MAR-i-tl’
ออกเสียง martial = ‘MAR-i-tl’
ออกเสียง Marshal= “MAHR-shuhl’
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
martial
warlike; associated with armed forces: martial law
Not to be confused with:
marshal – high-ranking military officer; to arrange in order; convoke; gather: marshal the forces
Dictionary.com
Marshal vs. Martial: Do You Know The Difference?
It’s not enough that martial and marshal are pronounced the same, is it? No, the English language has to further complicate things, because while these homophones,
martial and marshal, have differentmeanings,
they both involve some overlapping concepts of law and war.
And adding to the understandable confusion
of these words is marshall, with two Ls.
Let’s marshal, shall we say, the facts,
and bring some order to the differences among martial and marshal and marshall.
What does martial mean?
Martial is an adjective that variously means “warlike,” “
associated with war or the military,” or “characteristic of a warrior.”
Sometimes, martial can be used with figurative force,
as in His parents took a very martial attitude towards discipline.
First recorded in English around 1325–75,
martial ultimately comes from Mars, the Roman god of war.
Martial is the adjective used in the expressions martial law and martial arts, two phrases where many of us most often encounter the word martial.
What is martial law?
The primary meaning of martial law is
“the law temporarily imposed upon an area by state or national military forces when civil authority has broken down or during wartime military operations.”
In other words, ordinary, civil law and authority is suspended in an area, and the military takes control.
The term martial law was first recordedin the 1500s, though the imposition of it—or fear thereof—has influencedancient and modern history alike. The power to declare martial law varies by country.
The US Constitution does not include direct references to martial law,
but the Supreme Court has interpreted a clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 15, to be exact) on calling forth the militia as allowing Congress and the presidentto impose martial law. Governors also havepowers—explicitly stated in many state constitutions—to impose martial law.
The imposition of martial law in the US are rare, but notable.
And whether or not the phrase martial law was invoked or declared as such, major instances of martial law, according to experts, include Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus during the Civil War and in Hawaii after the Pearl Harbor attack during World War II. Natural disasters, labor strikes, and unrest around school desegregation have also resulted in martial law.
Not all uses of federal or national armed forces for domestic disorder constitute martial law, though, in popular discussions, their use may be called or likened to martial law, so extreme is it in American society for the military to take over civil authority. Interest in and concerns around martial law spiked in 2020 after President Trump threatened to use the federal military to control protests across the country against violence inflicted on Black people involving the police.
Learn more about martial law in our Homework Help on the term.
What are martial arts?
Martial arts refers to any of the traditional forms of Asian self-defense
or combat that utilize physical skill and coordination without weapons, often practiced as sport. Forms include karate, tae kwon do, judo, jujitsu, aikido, and kung fu.
A recent, popular combat sport is mixed martial arts, or MMA, which draws on various traditional martial arts as well as boxing and wrestling.
What does marshal mean?
While martial is only used as an adjective, marshal is a noun or a verb. It’s first recorded around 1225–75, from a French word meaning “commander,” in turn from Germanic roots meaning “groom,” as in a person who takes care of horses—which were historically very important in war.
As a noun, marshal can denote a variety people in a positions of authority:
- a military officer of the highest rank in some armies (field marshal)
- an officer of a US judicial district, charged with duties similar to those of a sheriff
- a court officer, attending to judges and serving various process
- a chief of a police or fire department in some cities
- a police officer in some communities
- a sky marshal, who rides on planes to protect from hijacking
- a higher officer of royal household or court
- a grand marshal, especially a ceremonial leader of events like parades
Note: a marshal who performs duties in a court
is not to be confused with a court-martial,
which is a type of judicial court for people in the military charged with military offenses.
As a verb, marshal today chiefly means“to arrange in proper order; set out in an orderly manner; arrange clearly,”
as in After the hurricane, the community marshalled resources to help with relief and recovery.
How to use martial and marshal
If you’re not sure whether you should use martial or marshal,
determine what part of speech you need.
If it’s an adjective, use martial.
If it’s a noun or verb, use marshal.
Context helps, too, when decidingbetween martial and marshal.
If you need something to describe war or the military (or things connected to them in some way), use martial.
If you need a term for the name of an office, use marshal.
Unless it’s a misspelling, martial is not used as a verb.
What about marshall?
If your first or last name is Marshall, we haven’t forgotten about you.
Marshall is almost always a proper noun, appearing in names. Chief Justice John Marshall, the Marshall Plan, the Marshall Islands.
As a name, Marshall is, indeed, based on marshal—one of many occupations that became adopted as surnames, and later taken up as given names.
But there is one notable exception: Martial, a first-century ad Roman poet known for his epigrams. Hey, you don’t need us to tell you at this point that English isn’t always the most … orderly of languages.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for marshal
Verb
ORDER, ARRANGE, MARSHAL, ORGANIZE, SYSTEMATIZE, METHODIZE
mean to put persons or things into their proper places in relation to each other.
ORDER suggests a straightening out so as to eliminate confusion. ordered her business affairs
ARRANGE implies a setting in sequence, relationship, or adjustment. arranged the files numerically
MARSHAL suggests gathering and arranging in preparation for a particular operation or effective use. marshaling the facts for argument
ORGANIZE implies arranging so that the whole aggregate works as a unit with each element having a proper function. organized the volunteers into teams
SYSTEMATIZE implies arranging according to a predetermined scheme. systematized billing procedures
METHODIZE suggests imposing an orderly procedure rather than a fixed scheme. methodizes every aspect of daily living
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Marshal Has Old German Roots
Noun
Although most French words are derived from Latin, a few—among them marshal—are Germanic. In the last centuries of the Roman Empire, the Germanic Franks occupied what is now France and left behind a substantial linguistic legacy, including what became medieval French mareschal. Mareschal came from a Frankish compound noun corresponding to Old High German marahscal, composed of marah, meaning “horse” (Old English mearh, with a feminine form mere, whence English mare), and scalc, meaning “servant” (Old English scealc). The original“marshal” was a servant in charge of horses, but by the time the word was borrowed from French into English in the 14th century it referred primarily to a high royal official.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
mar′shal·cy, mar′shal·ship′ n.
Word History: The Germanic ancestor of Modern English marshal is a compound made up of *marhaz, "horse" (related to the source of our word mare), and *skalkaz, "servant," meaning as a whole literally "horse servant," hence "groom." The Frankish descendant of this Germanic word, *marahskalk, came to designate a high royal official and also a high military commander—not surprising given the importance of cavalry in medieval warfare. Along with many other Frankish words, *marahskalk was borrowed into Old French as mareschal in the early Middle Ages, when much of northern France was ruled by Frankish dynasties. Later, when the Normans established a French-speaking official class in England in the 11th century, the Old French term mareschal came with them. In the first known uses of the word in documents written in England, marshal was used with the meaning "farrier." (It was also recorded as a surname, and in the spelling Marshall, it still survives as such.) The word marshal eventually began to be used in a wider variety of meanings in Middle English, as it had been in Old French, and the term was applied in Middle English to high-ranking officers of the royal court and the courts of law.
Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
marshal
A bearing, distance, and altitude fix designated byan air operations center, helicopter direction center, or carrier air traffic control center on which the pilot will orientate holding, and from which initial approach will commence during an instrument approach.
See also helicopter directions center.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Martial and Roman Mythology
Mars was the Roman god of war and one of the patron gods of Rome itself. He was responsible for everything military, from warriors to weapons to marching music. Thus, martial arts are skills of combat and self-defense also practiced as sport. When martial law is declared, a country's armed forces take over the functions of the police. And a court-martial is a military court or trial.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Laying Down the Law on 'Martial' and 'Marshal'
Not to mention 'marshall
What to Know
Martial is an adjective used to describe things related to the military or war. This is the adjective used in "Martial Law." Marshal can be used as a noun referring to a ranked position in the fire or police department and the military, and is also a verb meaning "to lead or direct a group in a careful way."
Marshall is an established variant of "Marshal"
and also used for proper names and places.
The words martial and marshal and marshall sound exactly the same, which makes them a beastly trio. We're going to help you set them straight.
What Does "Martial" Mean?
Martial is only ever an adjective, and it's all about war.
Use martial to describe the following:
things related to or suited for war or a warrior, e.g., martial prowess, martial rhetoric
things relating to an army or to military life, e.g., martial discipline
people experienced in or inclined to war, e.g., a martial people
Martial Law
Martial is also paired with the word law in the term martial law,
which refers to two particular kinds of law applied or administered by a military:
the law applied in occupied territory by the military authority of the occupying power
the law administered by military forces that is invoked by a government in an emergency when the civilian law enforcement agencies are unable to maintain public order and safety
Origin of "Martial"
Martial comes from the Latin martialis, meaning "of Mars"—Mars in this case being not the planet butthe Roman god for whom the planet was named. Mars was the god of war and one of the patron gods of Rome itself. His realm was all things military. His reputation as a fierce fighter connects nicely with our modern term martial arts, which refers to skills of combat and self-defense. We have no idea how Mars would have fared in a court-martial, which is a military court or trial. All of those gods were known to behave pretty badly from time to time.
What Does "Marshal" Mean?
Marshal is a different word entirely, despite the fact that it sounds exactly the same as martial and that it also wanders into military-related semantic territory.
(Marshall is, by the way, a long-established spelling variant of marshal. The two l's usually get used for proper nouns, like names and places—and stores—but both common noun and verb uses of marshal are sometimes spelled marshall, especially in British English.)
But back to marshal: the word also differs from martial grammatically.
It's a noun and a verb, and not an adjective.
Marshal as a Noun
As a noun, marshal always refers to a person who has some particular set of official responsibilities. Some of these marshals are long dead, since we're no longer in medieval times. (See the full definition for deets.)
In modern English, a marshal is usually one of the following:
an officer of the highest rank in one of the military forces
an administrative officer having duties similar to those of a sheriff
the head of a division of a police or fire department
a person who arranges and directs ceremonies or parades
There are also (British) field marshals and the maybe-sitting-next-to-you-on-that-airplane sky or air marshals.
Marshal as a Verb
Marshals don't always marshal, but when you want a verb,
it's marshal and not martial you're after.
As a verb, marshal usually means: to arrange
(a group of people, such as soldiers) in an orderly way, e.g., marshalling troops/forces
to move or lead (a group of people) in a careful way, e.g., a teacher marshaling students
to arrange or prepare (something, such as your thoughts or ideas) in a clear, effective, or organized way, e.g., marshaling an argument
Etymologically, there's no relationshipbetween Mars/martial and marshal.
English got marshal from French, but unlike most such words, it's not Latin in origin—it's Germanic. In the last centuries of the Roman Empire, the Germanic Franks occupied what is now France and left behind a substantial linguistic legacy, including what became medieval French mareschal. Mareschal came from a Frankish compound noun corresponding to Old High German marahscal, composed of marah, “horse” (Old English mearh, with a feminine form mere, whence English mare), and scalc, “servant” (Old English scealc). The original "marshal" was a servant in charge of horses, but by the time the word was borrowed from French into English in the 14th century it referred primarily to a high royal official.
And that's a whole lot of information about two words.
Here's the summary:
if you want an adjective, use martial to describe stuff to do with wars, warriors, fighting—that kind of thing.
If you're trying to refer to a person, use marshal (the one that looks more like a name).
Same for if you want a verb; marshals (but not just marshals) marshal.
Use marshall for proper names, and for all the things marshal does, but be prepared for people to tell you it's marshal you want.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Marital - martial
Marital pertains tomarriage, marital to war.
Only cynics would maintain that the words are interchangeable.
Note both spelling and pronunciation:
‘MAR.uh-tuhl’ and ‘MAHR.shuhl’
“Martial disagreement sometime lead to separation and divorce.”
“The ancient Spartans were considered a martial people.”
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