2020-11-02
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด M - Maintain & repair & service
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Maintain =meyn-TEYN’
ออกเสียง repair = ‘ri-PAIR’
ออกเสียง service = ‘SUR-vis’
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR MAINTAIN
Maintain, assert, aver, allege, hold, state
all mean to express an opinion, judgment, or position.
Maintain carries the implications of both firmness
and persistence in declaring or supporting a conviction:
She maintained her client's innocence even in the face of damaging evidence.
Assert suggests assurance, confidence,
and sometimes aggressiveness in the effort
to persuade others to agree with or accept one's position:
He asserted again and again the government's right to control the waterway.
Aver, like assert, implies confident declaration
and sometimes suggests a firmly positive or peremptory tone;
in legal use aver means “to allege as fact”:
to aver that the evidence is incontrovertible.
Allege indicates a statement withoutevidence to support it,
and thus can imply doubt as to the validity or accuracy of an assertion:
The official is alleged to have been unaware of the crime.
Hold means simply to have or express a conviction or belief:
We hold these truths to be self-evident;
She held that her rights had been violated.
State usually suggests a declaration that is forthright and unambiguous:
He stated his reasons in clear, simple language.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for maintain
MAINTAIN, ASSERT, DEFEND, VINDICATE, JUSTIFY
mean to uphold as true, right, just, or reasonable.
MAINTAIN stresses firmness of conviction. steadfastly maintained his innocence
ASSERT suggests determination to make others accept one's claim. asserted her rights
DEFEND implies maintaining in the face of attack or criticism. defended his voting record
VINDICATE implies successfully defending. his success vindicated our faith in him
JUSTIFY implies showing to be true, just, or valid by appeal to a standard or to precedent. the action was used to justify military intervention
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for repair
Verb
mean to put into good order something that is injured, damaged, or defective.
MEND implies making whole or sound something broken, torn, or injured. mended the torn dress
REPAIR applies to the fixing of more extensive damage or dilapidation. repaired the back steps
PATCH implies an often temporary fixing of a hole or break with new material. patch worn jeans
REBUILD suggests making like new without completely replacing.
a rebuilt automobile engine
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Word History
A Tale of Two 'Repairs'
Some problems of English spelling can't be fixed
A word can fade from use in English
because it has been eclipsed by itself.
This may sound like an unlikely circumstance,
but such is quite possibly the case with repair.
Repair is actually two different words,
spelled the same in English but from two different French roots that had the misfortune of being similar in spelling and entering English almost simultaneously.
'Repair' is actually two different words, spelled the same in English but from two different French roots. Sorry about that.
The French verb repairer is rarely usedtoday, and only in a narrow context: it is used of animals that burrow or have dens, meaning “to return to one’s home or shelter.”
This led to the more common noun repaire, usually translated as “den” or “lair,” and extended to be used for people in addition to animals just as we do in English: “a den of thieves,” “criminals in their lair.”
Repairer comes from the Latin verb repatriare and ultimately from patria meaning “native country,”
so the word’s literal meaning is “to go back to one’s own country.”
Once borrowed into English, it came to mean “to go to (a place),”
a meaning that today has an archaic and formal tone:
After dinner, the guests repaired to the drawing room for brandy.
…many Americans and English repair every year to France…
—Amy Lowell, Six French Poets, 1915
It’s sometimes used in a humorous way that plays off of its exaggerated formality:
Shall we repair to the coffee shop?
Shakespeare used it in a way that is closer to its Latin etymology, meaning “to return.” This definition is labeled obsolete in our dictionaries:
And presently, when you have drawn your number, repair to the Capitol
—Coriolanus, Act II, Scene 3
Let the king have the letters I have sent, and repair thou to me with as much speed as thou wouldst fly death
—Hamlet, Act IV, Scene 6
We charge and command you, in his highness’ name to repair to your several dwelling-places
—Henry VI, Part I, Act I, Scene 3
Perhaps one reason we no longer use repair to mean “to return” is that repatriare was itself subsequently brought directly to English in the early 1600s (as opposed to being filtered through French) to give us repatriate.
The other repair, meaning “to fix” or “to correct,” comes from reparer in French, which traces to the Latin verb reparare. Parare in Latin meant “to prepare,” so the literal meaning of reparare is “to prepare again,” hence, “to restore,” “to fix.” The related words reparation and reparable are spelled in a way that makes the relationship to the French and Latin words clear (like prepare), so how did repair get that confusing i?
It turns out that the spelling of both repairs was fluid until the 1700s. Until then, competing forms included:
repare, repayre, repeire, repaire
It's a bit surprising that they ended up with the same spelling,
since a divergence of forms would have helped distinguish this pair of words for all of us. Given that prepare is a successful model,
one can imagine repare being a standard word in English. But it isn't.
Instead, the two words became both orthographically and phonetically one. As with many other complications in English,
we can’t repair to the past
so that we might repair this orthographic overlap.
Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.
repair
The restoration of an item to serviceable condition
through correction of a specific failure or unserviceable condition.
See also overhaul; rebuild.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Restore – repair
1. 'restore'
To restore an old building, painting, or piece of furniture
means to repair and clean it, so that it returnsto its original condition.
Several million pounds will be required to restore the theatre.
I asked whether the pictures could be restored.
2. 'repair'
To repair something that has beendamaged or that is not working properly means to mend it.
No one knew how to repair the engine.
Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.
maintain
When used in the context of deliberate planning,
the directed command will keep the referenced operation plan, operation plan in concept format, or concept summary, and any associated Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES) automated data processing files active in accordance with applicable tasking documents describing the type and level of update or maintenance to be performed. General guidance is contained in JOPES, Volumes I and II.
See also archive; retain.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language
Usage Note:
The verb service is used principally in the sense
"to repair or maintain":
service the washing machine.
Exceptions to this usage include specialized senses
in finance (service a debt) and animal breeding (service a mare). Serve means "to supply goods or services to,"
as in One radio network serves three states.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Maintain & repair & service
Use of these words reflects
the social attitudes of those who use them fully
as much as the basic meaning of the terms themselves.
Presumably because many persons feel that
the word serve suggests something menial and degrading,
such terms as maintenance, engineer, and repairmanand serviceman.
(Servicemen is a term still in general use for a member of the armed forces of a country.)
Maintain means “to preserve,” “to keep in due operation and condition”:
“The crew is expected to maintain this highway throughout the winter.”
The act of maintaining may involve making repairs
but is usually restricted to mean “watching over,” “preventing trouble.”
Repair suggests restoration or renewal:
“The doctor sent him to a dry climate so that he could repair his health.”
“The only way to repair this refrigerator is to install a new motor.”
Service is an inclusive word with the meaning of
both maintain and repair as well as that of inspection:
“This company will service all parking meters in the city,”
Service is incorrectly used for servein a sentence
such as “This bus line services four countries.”
