2020-10-27
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด K - Kind – kindly - please
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้อง ในที่นี้ เป็นไป ตามมาตรฐาน ของภาษา
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง Kind = ‘KAHYND’
ออกเสียง kindly = ‘KAHYND-lee’
ออกเสียง please = ‘PLEEZ’
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
please
be agreeable to; give pleasure: please the audience;
like or wish: do what you please
Not to be confused with:
pleas – appeals, entreaties: pleas for clemency;
excuses; pretexts; a defendant’s answers to legal charges
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR KIND
Kind, gracious, kindhearted, kindly imply a sympathetic attitude toward others, and a willingness to do good or give pleasure.
Kind implies a deep-seated characteristic shown either habitually or on occasion by considerate behavior: a kind father.
Gracious often refers to kindness from a superior or older person to a subordinate, an inferior, a child, etc.: a gracious monarch.
Kindhearted implies an emotionally sympathetic nature, sometimes easily imposed upon: a kindhearted old woman.
Kindly, a mild word, refers usually to general disposition, appearance, manner, etc.: a kindly face.
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR KIND
The phrase these (or those) kind of, followed by a plural noun (these kind of flowers; those kind of shoes ) is frequently condemned as ungrammaticalbecause it is said to combine a plural demonstrative ( these; those ) with a singular noun, kind.
Historically, kind is an unchanged or unmarked plural noun like deer, folk, sheep, and swine, and the construction these kind of is an old one, occurring in the writings of Shakespeare, Swift, Jane Austen, and, in modern times, Jimmy Carter and Winston Churchill. Kind has also developed the plural kinds, evidently because of the feeling that the old pattern was incorrect. These kind of nevertheless persists in use, especially in less formal speech and writing. In edited, more formal prose, this kind of and these kinds of are more common. Sort of has been influenced by the use of kind as an unchanged plural: these sort of books. This construction too is often considered incorrect and appears mainly in less formal speech and writing.
Kind (or sort) of as an adverbial modifiermeaning “somewhat” occurs in informal speech and writing: Sales have been kind (or sort) of slow these last few weeks.
kind
Instead ofteaching our kids to be nice, what we really want to teach them is to be kind.Kind is different than nice because it involves empathy and caringabout others. It’s not just about being polite, but it’s having“a good or benevolent nature or disposition, as a person.”
This is an old word, with first evidence of it appearing before the year 900. It stems from the Old English word gecynde, meaning “natural, genial.”
COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY
USAGE FOR KIND
The mixtureof plural and singular constructions, although often used informallywith kind and sort, should be avoided in serious writing:
children enjoy those kinds (not those kind) of stories; these sorts (not these sort) of distinctions are becoming blurred
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for kind
Noun
TYPE, KIND, SORT, NATURE, DESCRIPTION, CHARACTER
mean a number ofindividuals thought of as a group because of a common quality or qualities.
TYPE may suggest strong and clearly marked similarity throughout the items included so that each is typical of the group. one of three basic body types
KIND may suggest natural grouping. a zoo seemingly having animals of every kind
SORT often suggests some disparagement. the sort of newspaper dealing in sensational stories
NATURE may imply inherent, essential resemblance rather than obvious or superficial likenesses. two problems of a similar nature
DESCRIPTION implies a group marked by agreement in all details belonging to a type as described or defined. not all acts of that description are actually illegal
CHARACTER implies a group marked by distinctive likenesses peculiar to the type. research on the subject so far has been of an elementary character
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Usage Note: The words kind, sort, and type can be troublesome when they are used with plural nouns and modifiers.
Sentences like I hate these kind of movies may occur with some frequency but are awkward, and some would say, grammatically incorrect. The Usage Panel frowns upon these usages. In our 2005 survey, 81 percent rejected the use of kind with a plural modifier and plural noun in the sentence Those kind of buildings seem old-fashioned. Fully 88 percent of the Panel found unacceptable the use of kind with a singular modifier and plural noun and verb in That kind of buildings seem old fashioned. In these examples kind would presumably function as a determiner like number in A great number of people have crowded into the lobby. (Note that number here is singular, but the plural verb have agrees with the plural noun people, so number is not really the subjectof the sentence). This problem can be avoided by making the phrase entirely singular (as in That kind of movie is always enjoyable) orby revising so that the noun is the plural subject (as in Movies of that kind are always enjoyable). Bear in mind that plural kinds often implies that the phrase refers to a number of different categories of things—more than one genre of movie, for example. Perhaps the best solution is to drop the kind phrase entirely (Those movies are always enjoyable) or to be specific (Those spy movies are always enjoyable).
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Synonyms: kind, kindly, kindhearted, benign, benevolent
These adjectives mean having or showing a tender, considerate, and helping nature.
Kind and kindly are the least specific: thanked her for her kind letter; a kindly gentleman.
Kindhearted especially suggests an innately kind disposition: a kindhearted teacher.
Benign implies gentleness and mildness: benign intentions; a benign sovereign. Benevolent suggests charitableness and a desire to promote the welfare or happiness of others: a benevolent contributor.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
kindly
Kindly can be an adverb or an adjective.
1. used as an adverb
If you do something kindly, you do it in a kind way.
Priscilla played with Edal kindly and patiently.
She smiled very kindly.
You can use kindly to show that you are grateful to someone.
They kindly contributed to our funds.
Manfred and Mrs Mount are very kindly taking me back.
Some people use kindly when they are asking someone to do something in an annoyed way. This is a rather old-fashioned use.
Kindly stand back a minute, please.
2. 'take kindly'
If you do not take kindly to something, you are very unwilling to accept it.
He doesn't take too kindly to discipline.
It is hard to imagine her taking kindly to too much interference.
3. used as an adjective
Kindly is sometimes an adjective with the same meaning as 'kind'. This is a rather old-fashioned use.
They are kindly people.
He had been given shelter by a kindly villager.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Can you say 'very pleased'?
Our answer may or may not please you
Some of us make our way through life blithely unconcerned about matters of grammar and usage, reasoning that if people manage to understand what we say then we must be covering all (or most) of the necessary bases. And then some of us scrupulously observe every tenet of usage and grammatical prescription that we can, reasoning that if we all just applied ourselves to the matter and observed the correct rules then all would be well with the world. Then we come across an issue such as whether or not you should use the word very before the word pleased and you begin to realize how futile is the expectation that we will ever all agree on what constitutes correct language use.
Some of you are likely shaking your head right now, wondering what on earth could be wrong with saying “I am very pleased,” while others are exultant that finally there is a dictionary willing to tackle this linguistic excrescence and tell kids the proper way to use very. Since it seems likely that the former group will outnumber the latter, let’s go over the problem with saying you are “very pleased” with something.
In the middle of the 19th century, some grammarians suddenly decided that the word very had a bit too much freedom, and should be more restricted in its use. George Marsh, in a collection of essays published in 1862, explains that the adverb very should be used to qualify adjectives, and should not be applied to participles (“a word having the characteristics of both verb and adjective”). In Marsh’s view it was therefore permissible to write or say “I am very happy,” but it was not permissible to use “I am very delighted,” since delighted is the past participle of the verb delight. It makes sense, doesn’t it? You wish.
Marsh goes on to point out that it is acceptable to use “very learned,” and “very tired”; and while you may call someone a “disappointed man” you cannot say “he is very disappointed.” This seems a touch more difficult to figure out. The Oxford English Dictionary, under their definition for the sense of very in whichis, is modifying past participles, includes a short note: “The correctness of this usage, which has been prevalent from the middle of the 17th cent., depends on the extent to which the participle has acquired a purely adjectival sense.”
While this is not quite as simple as differentiating between to, too, and two, at least we have a clear set of guidelines to follow here: once a participle becomes an adjective it can be modified with very, but until that point it is very delicate and must be protected from the very by placing another modifier (such as much) before it. So how do we know when a participle has become an adjective?
Randolph Quirk’s A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language gives four criteria that must be metbefore a participle graduates from verbhood and is given adjectival status: it can be used attributively (“you have your annoyed face on”); in predicative use with seem (“you seem rather annoyed with me”); it can be premodified by very (“Yes, I am very annoyed”); it can be used in comparison (“I would say I am more annoyed than when you dropped my goldfish”).
Some of us might not have the time or patience to silently run Quirk’s four criteria through our heads before deciding whether we can use a very or not. If you are one such person you can simply carry a large number of muches around with you, and take pains to add one between every very and possible participle you use. Or you could remember the wise words of H.W. Fowler, writing in his Modern English Usage, “The process by which a participle becomes an adjective is gradual; whether any particular one has passed the barrier must often be a matter of opinion.”
(And in case you were wondering, most people think it is just fine to use "very pleased.")
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Kind
This word has many meanings,
among them “class” (a kind of preacher), “subdivision of a category”
(that kind of orange), and, with of, “rather” or “somewhat” (kind of sorry),
Kind is a singular, so that one should not say
“these (or those) kind of shoes” but “this kind of shoes”
or “these kinds ofshoes.”
(The same principle applies to sort as to kind.)
Both “kind of a” and “sort of a” are wordy phrases from which a should be omitted.
Kindly – please
In a statement such as “Kindlyanswer my letter soon,”
one with equal correctness and propriety could write “Please answer ………”
In such use, kindlyand please are courteous formalities
that conveya primary meaning of “obligingly.”
Each, a polite addition to a request,
no more conveys exact meaningthan the dear in the salutation of a letter expresses affection.
Please is the more commonly used word in this situation,
possibly because kindly seems to some people to carry an air of affectation or smugness. Take your pick.
