2020-10-03 ศัพท์ ที่มักสับสน ชุด G – Germ & microbe & bacteria & virus
2020-10-03
151213-2 ศัพท์ ที่มักสับสน ชุด G – Germ & microbe & bacteria & virus
13 ธันวาคม 2015 16:08 น.
http://www.gotoknow.org/posts/598397
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง “Germ” = ‘JURM’
ออกเสียง “Microbe” = ‘MAHY-krohb’
ออกเสียง “Bacteria” = ‘bak-TEER-ee-uh’
ออกเสียง “Virus” = ‘VAHY-ruhs’
THE NEW DICTIONARY OF CULTURAL LITERACY
NOTES FOR BACTERIA
Some bacteria are beneficial to humans (for example, those that live in the stomach and aid digestion), and some are harmful (for example, those that cause disease).
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Guide
Is bacteria singular or plural?:
In its established and uncontroversial uses, bacteria is the pluralof bacterium.
… many of the bacteria isolated from these deep environments are anaerobic …
— Stephen Jay Gould In speech and in some, typically nontechnical, journalistic writing, it also occurs in a singular sense, synonymous with bacterium.
Lyme disease is a potentially serious arthritis-like ailment caused by a bacteria borne by certain tiny ticks. — The Wall Street Journal
… this bacteria is closely associated with poor health and, in old people, frailty … — Leah Hardy
Although the singular use of bacteria is often identified as an error to be avoided, it is common in published writing.
The plural form bacterias is also seen but is relatively rare.
The bacteria seems to prefer living in water and is more resistant to chlorine and elevated water temperatures than other bacterias. — Allan Bruckheim
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Did You Know?
A hint of the Greek word bios, meaning "life", can be seen in microbe. Microbes, or microorganisms, include bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, amoebas, and slime molds.
Many people think of microbes as simply the causes of disease, but every human is actually the host to billions of microbes, and most of them are essential to our life.
Much research is now goinginto possible microbial sources of future energy; algae looks particularly promising, as do certain newly discovered or created microbes that can produce cellulose, to be turned into ethanol and other biofuels.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
'Virus' vs. 'Bacteria'
What to Know
While both can cause disease, viruses are not living organisms, whereas bacteria are.
Viruses are only "active" within host cells which they need to reproduce, while bacteria are single-celled organisms that produce their own energy and can reproduce on their own.
Bacteria serve many vital roles in nature outside of being infectious.
Systemic diseases caused by viral infection include influenza, measles, polio, AIDS, and COVID-19
The two most common causative agents of infectious disease are the virus and bacterium.
Both of these pathogens are invisible to the naked eye, allowing for their stealthy transfer from person to person during an outbreak of a contagious disease.
While they rightly share a nasty reputation as disease agents, their propertiesapart from the harm they cause are quite dissimilar.
What is the Difference between Viruses and Bacteria?
Living or Not
Viruses are not living organisms, bacteria are. Viruses only grow and reproduce inside of the host cells they infect.
When found outside of these living cells, viruses are dormant.
Their “life” therefore requires the hijacking of the biochemical activities of a living cell.
Bacteria, on the other hand, are living organisms that consist of single cell that can generate energy, make its own food, move, and reproduce (typically by binary fission). This allows bacteria to live in many places—soil, water, plants, and the human body—and serve many purposes.
They serve many vital roles in nature by decomposing organic matter (maybe not that vital to anyone who's forgotten leftovers in the back of the fridge) and by converting nitrogen, through nitrogen fixation, to chemicals usable by plants.
Bacteria even know how to work as a team through something called quorum sensing.
Size
Bacteria are giants when compared to viruses.
The smallest bacteria are about 0.4 micron (one millionth of a meter) in diameter while viruses range in size from 0.02 to 0.25 micron.
This makes most viruses submicroscopic, unable to be seen in an ordinary light microscope.
They are typically studied with an electron microscope.
Mode of Infection
Their mode of infection is different.
Because of their distinct biochemistry, it should come as no surprise that bacteria and viruses differ in how they cause infection.
Viruses infect a host cell and then multiply by the thousands, leaving the host cell and infecting other cells of the body.
A viral infection will therefore be systemic, spreading throughout the body.
Systemic diseases caused by viral infection include influenza, measles, polio, AIDS, and COVID-19.
Pathogenic bacteria have a more varied operation and will often infect when the right opportunity arises, so called opportunistic infection.
The infection caused by pathogenic bacteria is usually confined to a part of the body, described as a localized infection.
These infections may be caused by the bacteria themselves or by toxins (endotoxins) they produce.
Examples of bacterial disease include pneumonia, tuberculosis, tetanus, and food poisoning.
How Viruses Interact with Bacteria
Viruses can infect bacteria.
Bacteria are not immune to viral hijackers which are known as bacteriophages—viruses that infect bacteria.
We don’t want to judge, but this may be one more reason to put viruses one notch higher in the nasty germs hierarchy.
The American Heritage® Student Science Dictionary
Germ (jûrm)
1. A microscopic organism or substance, especially a bacterium or a virus, that causes disease.
2. The earliest living form of an organism; a seed, spore, or bud.
Usage You've heard it many times.
Some food falls on the floor, and someone (usually an adult) says,
"Don't eat that now. It has germs on it."
The word germ has been used to refer to invisible agents of disease since the 19th century, when scientists were first learning about the nature of disease. Similarly, the term microbe, which comes from the Greek prefix mikro-, "small," and word bios, "life," is a term that arose in the late 19th century in reference to the microscopic organisms that caused disease.
The terms germ and microbe thus became associated with an early era of scientific research in which knowledge was very limited, and they are no longer used much by scientists.
Thanks to generations of research, scientists today can usually identify the specific agents of disease, such as individual species of bacteria or viruses. When they want to refer generally to agents of disease, they use the term pathogen, which comes from Greek pathos, "suffering," and the suffix -gen, "producer." The term microorganism is used to refer to any one-celled microscopic organism, whether it causes disease or is harmless.
THE AMERICAN HERITAGE® SCIENCE DICTIONARY
USAGE
The terms germ and microbe have been used to refer to invisible agents of disease since the nineteenth century, when scientists introduced the germ theory of disease, the idea that infections and contagious diseases are caused by microorganisms.
Microbe, a shortening and alteration of microorganism, comes from the Greek prefix mikro-, “small,” and the word bios, “life.”
Scientists no longer use the terms germ and microbe very much.
Today they can usually identify the specific agents of disease, such as individual species of bacteria or viruses.
To refer generally to agents of disease, they use the term pathogen, from the Greek pathos, “suffering,” and the suffix -gen, “producer.”
They use microorganism to refer to any unicellular organism, whether disease-causing or not.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
Germ - microbe - bacteria - virus
These terms are so closely related that only a scientist would ordinarily need to differentiate among them.
A GERM is a MICROBE, a disease-producing microorganism.
In biology, GERM refers to an initial stage in development, as “a germ cell of such-and-such a form.”
By extension, GERM also is used to refer to anything that acts as a source or initial stage: “I have the germ of an idea.”
A microbe is a bacterium, the singular form of bacteria, which refer to any of numerous microscopic organisms involved in such processes as fermentation, putrefaction, and disease.
A virus is an infectious agent, especially one that reproduced only in living cells. Virus is really a medical term for the active element that infects with and produces a contagious disease: “The virus of yellow fever.” Germ is a general term which will serve in all ordinary situations.
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