2020-10-03 ศัพท์ ที่มักสับสน ชุด G – Gentleman & lady & woman
2020-10-03
151213-1 ศัพท์ ที่มักสับสน ชุด G – Gentleman & lady & woman
13 ธันวาคม 2015 16:04 น.
http://www.gotoknow.org/posts/598396
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ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง “Gentleman” = ‘JEN-tl-muhn’
ออกเสียง “Lady” = ‘LEY-dee’
ออกเสียง Woman = ‘WOOM-uhn’
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR LADY
In the meanings “refined, polite woman” and “woman of high social position” the noun lady is the parallel of gentleman.
As forms of address, both nouns are used in the plural
( Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for your cooperation ),
but only lady occurs in the singular.
Except in chivalrous, literary, or similar contexts( Lady, spurn me not ), this singular is now usually perceived as rude or at least insensitive: Where do you want the new air conditioner, lady?
Although lady is still found in phrases or compounds referring to occupation or the like ( cleaning lady; saleslady ), this use seems to be diminishing.
The use of lady as a modifier( lady doctor; lady artist ) suggests that it is unusual to find a woman in the role specified.
Many women are offended by this use, and it too is becoming less common.
An approach that is increasingly followed is to avoid specifying the sex of the performer or practitioner.
Person or a sex-neutral term can be substituted for lady,
as cleaner for cleaning lady and sales associate or salesclerk for saleslady.
When circumstances make it relevant to specify sex, woman rather than lady is used, the parallel term being man: Men doctors outnumber women doctors on the hospital staff by more than three to one.
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR WOMAN
Woman, female, lady are nouns
referring to an adult female human being, one paradigm of gender and biological sex for adult human beings.
Woman is the general term.
It is neutral, lacking either favorable or unfavorable implication, and is the most commonly used of the three: a wealthy woman; a woman of strong character, of unbridled appetites.
In scientific, statistical, and other objective use, female is the neutral contrastive term to male and may apply to plants and animals also: 104 females to every 100 males; Among lions, the female is the chief hunter.
Female is sometimes used in disparaging contexts: a gossipy female; a conniving female. Lady meaning “refined, polite woman” is a term of approval or praise: a real lady in all things; to behave like a lady.
When used as a form of address, lady may be polite or neutral in tone: Ladies, did you hear about the new brunch menu with bottomless mimosas?
However, in the singular it is often perceived as rude: Hey, lady, I don’t have all day.
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR WOMAN
Although formerly woman was sometimes regarded as demeaning and lady was the termof courtesy,
woman is the designation preferred by most modern female adults: League of Women Voters; American Association of University Women.
Woman is the standard feminine parallel to man.
As a modifier of a plural noun, woman, like man, is exceptional in that the plural form women is used: women athletes; women students.
The use of lady as a term of courtesy has diminished somewhat in recent years ( the lady of the house ), although it still survives in a few set phrases ( ladies' room; Ladies' Day ).
Lady is also used, but decreasingly, as a term of reference for women engaged in occupations considered by some to be menial or routine: cleaning lady; saleslady.
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR -WOMAN
Feminine compounds ending in -woman are equivalent to the masculine compounds in -man.
When the person referred to is a woman, the feminine form is often, but not always, used: alderman, alderwoman; assemblyman, assemblywoman; chairman, chairwoman; congressman, congresswoman; spokesman, spokeswoman; businessman, businesswoman.
However, some forms ending in -man are applied to women, and occasionally terms in -man are specified by legal code: Alderman Dorothy Lavelle.
In general, the practice in current edited written English is to avoid the -man form in reference to a woman or the plural -men when members of both sexes are involved.
Instead, a sex-neutral term is used:
council members rather than councilmen and councilwomen; representative or legislator rather than congressman or congresswoman.
See also chairperson, -man, -person.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Using 'Lady,' 'Woman,' and 'Female' to Modify Nouns
'Female' doctor? 'Lady' lawyer? 'Woman' politician? Are any of these not offensive?
Here at Merriam-Webster, we have a number of women editors.
Or is it female editors? Certainly not lady editors, right?
There's currently a split between the use of 'woman' and 'female' as modifiers, with some preferring one over the other.
If you're stuck, consider that there's rarely a need to say something like 'female surgeon'; most of the time, 'surgeon' works just fine.
Gendered modifiers like female, woman, and lady are a thorny issue in English usage.
All three words began life as nouns, with woman and lady showing up very early in the language, and female showing up in the 1300s.
Lady was used initially as a form of address for a woman who had run of a household or who had charge over servants, and late came to refer to a woman who held a high rank.
Woman has retained its original meaning, which is now almost 1400 years old: “an adult female human being.”
Female first referred to a woman or girl, but within about a hundred years of its appearance, it was also being used of animals (“Byrdes that ben femalles may not abyde there,” —The Myrrour of the Worlde, 1481). Unlike lady and woman, however, female is also a full-fledged adjective, and the adjectival use has historically been more clinical and biological than not (as in, “the female plant” or Alexander Pope’s “goats of female kind”). There was remarkably little fussing over any of these words. Until the end of the 1800s, that is.
The arguments began with the bare nouns: was it appropriate to call a group of women females? Are all women ladies?
Can you call a group of female human beings of various ages females or should you go with ladies or women?
Though advice varied, it was generally agreed by the beginning of the 20th century that female was a disparaging term as it made no differentiation between humans and animals (this in spite of the fact that female was, in previous centuries, actually preferred to woman and lady);
lady was a fine and polite wordto describe a woman of excellent social refinement or breeding (in spite of the fact that it was, at that point in time, often used in informal print and speech to refer specifically to women who happened to have jobs that would benefit from being tagged as above their station, as with cleaning lady and saleslady); and woman was the preferred term to refer to an adult woman (which had always been the case).
All three nouns had been used attributively (that is, before a noun in order to modify it) before—woman, in fact, had been used attributively back to the 14th century. Newspapers from the 1800s are surprisingly populated with lady doctors, female lawyers, and women scientists. And these uses went largely unremarked upon until the 20th century.
The first scholar to critically examine the attributive uses of female, woman, and lady was Henry Fowler, author of the 1926 Dictionary of Modern English Usage, and while his conclusions are commonsensical, his manner of expressing himself grates.
In a section called “Feminine designations,” he claims that women who argue against the use of gendered words ending in -ess, like authoress and poetress, are being, in short, whiny and illogical, and that since the English language is flexible enough to allow these designations, we had better let it. There is one interesting note in his jeremiad, however:
With the coming extension of women’s vocations, feminine vocation-words are a special need of the future; everyone knows the inconvenience of being uncertain whether a doctor is a man or a woman;...
For all his late Victorian bluster, Fowler was prescient in one regard: most of our current uses of gendered modifiers are vocation-related (lady doctor, woman senator, female restaurateur). And he has some usage guidance on that score. Regarding lady, he writes:
Lady prefixed to names of vocations as a mark of sex (lady doctor, author, clerk, &c.) is a cumbrous substitution for a feminine designation, which should be preferred when it exists or can be made; in default of that, woman or female would be better than lady...
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Usage Note:
The word lady goes back to Old English and was traditionally used for a woman of social standing or rank. Perhaps because of the word's association with high society, today lady is most acceptablein parallel with gentleman, as in the sentences Ladies and gentlemen, your attention please! and At the opera for the first time, they were dazzled by all of the ladies in ball gowns and gentlemen in sharp tuxedos.
This latter sentence was approved by 91 percent of the Usage Panel in our 2016 survey. By contrast, the sentence Nancy Brown will be the first lady to serve as chair of the committee was accepted by only 29 percent of the Panel, with many panelists commenting that the use of lady where woman would easily do can be taken as offensive.
The degree to which lady is or isn't considered offensive has become dependent on context. When presented with a range of sentences using lady in formal and informal contexts with both male and female speakers, many members of the Panel stated that they found lady to be acceptable and inoffensive when used ironically or jocularly.
The use of lady as an attributive to modify another noun, as in the phrase lady doctor, is widely considered offensive. When the sex of the person is relevant, the preferred modifier is woman or female. See Usage Note at female.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
usage: In the meanings “refined, polite woman” and “woman of high social position” the noun lady is the parallel of gentleman.
As forms of address, both nouns are used in the plural (Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for your cooperation), but only lady occurs in the singular.
Except in chivalrous, literary, humorous or similar contexts (Lady, spurn me not), this singular is now usu. perceived as rude or at least insensitive: Where do you want the new air conditioner, lady?
Other uses that are commonly disliked include lady in compounds or phrases referring to occupation or position (cleaning lady; forelady; saleslady) and as a modifier (lady artist; lady doctor).
Increasingly, sex-neutral terms replace lady (cleaner; supervisor; salesperson or salesclerk).
When it is relevant to specify the sex of the performer or practitioner, woman rather than lady is used, the parallel term being man, or male and female are used as modifiers: I need a saleswoman;Male doctors outnumber female doctors on the hospital staff by three to one. See also -person, -woman.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Woman – lady
1. used as a noun
You usually refer to an adult female person as a woman /'wʊmən/.
His mother was a tall, dark-haired woman.
The plural of woman is women /'wɪmɪn/.
There were men and women working in the fields.
You can use lady as a polite way of referring to a woman, especially if the woman is present.
We had a visit from an American lady.
There is a lady here who wants to speak to you.
Be Careful!
It is almost always better to refer to someone as an old lady or an elderly lady, rather than an 'old woman'.
I helped an old lady to carry her shopping.
She is an elderly lady living on her own.
If you are addressing a group of women, you call them ladies, not 'women'.
Ladies, could I have your attention, please?
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen.
2. 'woman' and 'women' used as modifiers
Woman is sometimes used in front of other nouns.
She said that she would prefer to see a woman doctor.
You use women in front of plural nouns, not 'woman'.
Women drivers can get cheaper car insurance.
Be Careful!
Normally, you just refer to a female doctor, writer etc as a doctor or a writer. Only use woman doctor, woman writer etc if it is necessary to make it clear that you are referring to a woman.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
In medieval times, a gentleman was a man above the rank of yeoman (the owner of a small farm), but the term is now applied to a person of good manners and breeding or as a mark of respect to any man:
“A gentleman should never give offense to others.”
”Will everyday gentleman please come this way?”
Gentleman is now rarely used in everyday speech, but gentlemen is customary in such expressions as “What will the gentleman have to drink?” and “Ladies and gentlemen.”
Lady, a term originally applied to a loaf-kneader, has been used as a polite form of address.
Lady normally has no more justification than does gentleman in place of man. True, you would say to a waiter in a restaurant “The lady will have” rather than “The woman will have,” but the social distinction between lady and woman has all but disappeared.
Woman is a general term for the adult female human being as distinguished from the male: “This woman just gave birth to twins.”
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