2020-09-20 คำชวนสับสน ชุด F -Famed – Famous - notorious
2020-09-20
คำชวนสับสน ชุด F -Famed – Famous - notorious
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง “FAMED” = ‘FEYMD’
ออกเสียง “FAMOUS” = FEY-muhs’
ออกเสียง “NOTORIOUS” = noh-TAWR-ee-uhs’
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR FAMOUS
Famous, celebrated, eminent, distinguished
refer to someone or something widely and favorably known.
Famous is the general word: a famous lighthouse.
Celebrated originally referred to something commemorated, but now usually refers to someone or something widely known for conspicuous merit, services, etc.: a celebrated writer.
Eminent implies high standingamong one's contemporaries, especially in one's own profession or craft: an eminent physician.
Distinguished adds to eminent the idea of honors conferred more or less publicly: a distinguished scientist.
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
notorious
widely and unfavorably known; disreputable; infamous: a notorious bank robber
Not to be confused with:
notable – prominent, important, or distinguished; famous; great; eminent: a notable philanthropist
noted – well-known; celebrated: a noted musician
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for famous
FAMOUS, RENOWNED, CELEBRATED, NOTED, NOTORIOUS, DISTINGUISHED, EMINENT, ILLUSTRIOUS
mean known far and wide.
FAMOUS implies little more than the fact of being, sometimes briefly, widely and popularly known. a famous actress
RENOWNED implies more glory and acclamation. one of the most renowned figures in sports history
CELEBRATED implies notice and attention especially in print. the most celebrated beauty of her day
NOTED suggests well-deserved public attention. the noted mystery writer NOTORIOUS frequently adds to
FAMOUS an implication of questionableness or evil. a notorious gangster
DISTINGUISHED implies acknowledged excellence or superiority. a distinguished scientist who won the Nobel Prize
EMINENT implies even greater prominence for outstanding quality or character. the country's most eminent writers
ILLUSTRIOUS stresses enduring honor and glory attached to a deed or person. illustrious war heroes
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
no·to′ri·ous·ly adv.
no·to′ri·ous·ness n.
Usage Note: Although notorious and notoriety have been used in negative, positive, and neutral contexts since the 1500s,
over the years, notorious (and to a lesser extent notoriety) has come to be used primarily in negative contexts, often with a connotation of wickedness or undesirability.
In our 2011 survey, 81 percent of the Usage Panel accepted the sentence
The region is notorious for its seismic disturbances, whereas only 26 percent accepted a sentence that used notorious in a situation where the circumstances for fame are positive: She is notorious for her excellent standup comedy routines.
The Panel is somewhat more willing to accept notoriety in a positive context: almost half (45 percent) approved of the sentence His success on college campuses brought him enough notoriety to release a greatest hits CD.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
Famous – well known – notorious – infamous
1. 'famous'
If someone or something is famous, very many people know about them.
Have you ever dreamed of becoming a famous writer?
...the world's most famous picture.
2. 'well-known'
Well-known has a similar meaning to famous.
However, a well-known person or thing is usually known to fewer people or in a smaller area than a famous one.
...a club run by Paul Ross, a well-known Lakeland climber.
...his two well-known books on modern art.
Well-known can be spelled with or without a hyphen.
You usually spell it with a hyphen in front of a noun
and without a hyphen after a verb.
I took him to a well-known doctor in Harley Street.
The building became very well known.
3. 'notorious'
Someone or something that is notorious is well known for something that is bad or undesirable.
The area was notorious for murders.
...his notorious arrogance.
4. 'infamous'
People and things are described as infamous when they are well known because they are connected with wicked or cruel behaviour.
...the infamous serial killer known as 'the Boston Strangler'.
...the infamous shower scene from Psycho.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Famous vs. Infamous
What to Know
Famous means "widely known,"
while infamous means"having a reputation of the worst kind."
This can be confusing because the prefix in- often implies an opposite or a negation, but it can also mean"inward" or "thoroughly."
This is why infamous does not mean "not famous."
Perhaps you are one of those people who has looked upthe word infamous
because you can’t seem to quite remember whetherit’s supposed to mean “very famous,” “not famous,” “famous (but in a bad way),” or some other thing.
If this is the case, you are in excellent company: our records indicate that approximately 88,000 people searched for the word infamous on this site in a recent month.
Don't be confused by the prefix: 'in' at the beginning of the word can have any one of several meanings. The 'in' in 'infamous' implies negation, but 'infamous' means “having a reputation of the worst kind," not "not famous."
Origin of Famous and Infamous
Yes, famous and infamous have some similarities (both words are descended from the Latin fama, meaning “fame,” and both often have to do with being well-known), but they have decidedly different meanings.
Famous typically carries the meaning of “widely known,” and is often used in a positive manner;
infamous, on the other hand, has a negative set of meanings, such as “having a reputation of the worst kind” or “causing or bringing infamy.”
There you have it. One of these words means one thing, and the other word means something else. It’s all very simple isn’t it? No, it is not.
Here are a few ways that things which look simplein English are decidedly not so.
Synonyms that Sound Like Opposites
The word lock means “to fasten (something) with a lock.”
So what does the word unlock mean?
If you guessed “to unfasten the lock of” pat yourself on the back.
Now let’s move on to another question:
if the word thaw means “to stop being frozen”
what does the word unthaw mean?
If you guessed something along the lines of “to make something frozen,” well, hang your head in shame and befuddlement.
The definition of unthaw is “thaw.”
Similarly, unloosen is pretty much identical to loosen, invaluable and valuable are much more synonyms than antonyms, and to really muddy the waters we can bring up the issue of flammable and inflammable.
Why must this be so?
Was the English language actually created by a cruel and vengeful god, or was it perhaps all put together in a single afternoon by a committee of unlearned and bickering idiots? No, neither of these theories, so far as we can tell, have much evidence to support them.
There is a perfectly valid reason for why so many apparently opposite words have the same, or almost the same, meaning, and it has to do with the role played by one of our prefixes.
The Prefix "In-"
The prefix we are concerned with here (in-) can have a variety of both meanings and forms. It can take the forms of il-, im-, or ir-, in addition to in-, depending onwhat letter it precedes.
It can mean “not,” (inconclusive), and it can also mean “inward, into, toward”
(as in implode or irradicate).
And in a final confusing twist, it can also serveas an intensifier, meaning “thoroughly” (which is possibly why so many people think infamous means “very famous”). Infamous contains the version of in- which implies negation, although it does not actually mean “not famous.”
You do not actually have to be famous to be infamous, although we are unlikely to see this latter word applied to a person who is little-known, inconspicuous, or who has not achieved at least some degree of notoriety.
If the distinction continues to prove elusive, you can always try to remember that the noun form of infamous is infamy, which has no pleasant connotations, and which was immortalized in our language with its use by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt when he gave a speech referring to the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor as “a date which will live in infamy.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Is 'Notorious' Always Negative?
The word has a bad reputation
Notorious is a word that got a bad rap by association with an undesirable lot.
The word comes from the Late Latin noun notorium, meaning "information" or "indictment," which in turn is from noscere, "to come to know." It was first used in the 16th century with the neutral meaning "well or widely known," but very early it came to be used with nouns of unsavory meaning—one of the earliest uses is the combination "notorious sinners."Frequent use with nouns of this kind colored the subsequent use of the word with a pejorative connotation, leading to the word's most frequently used sense, "widely and unfavorably known."
The most common meaning of 'notorious' is"widely and unfavorably known."
The word does have a neutral meaning ("widely known"), but it tends to be colored by the pejorative meaning
Although notorious is always pejorative when linked with a noun for an undesirable person, there are instances when the word is applied to people in a playful or witty way:
Note that in each of these non-pejorative examples the selection of notorious rather than well-known, famous, etc., is undoubtedly due to the word's overtones.
When notorious is applied to terms that refer to something not human,
it often verges on the neutral.
Still, if weather, a book, or a fish is described as notorious—in the absence of clues to the contrary—the effect of the word will be pejorative.
When there is no intended overtone, as is sometimes the case, notorious is used as a more emphatic termfor famous, well-known, etc. But even in its neutral uses, the term's association with the unfavorable, disreputable, and unsavory colors its meaning in a way that those other words do not.
There are also instances in which meaning is entirely dependent on the matter that follows the word.
In the construction notorious for, for example, meaning only comes to light after for. .
In the same construction, notorious can be used in its "generally known" sense.
Another frequent construction is notorious that. In that phrasing, the word is nearly always used in its neutral"generally known and talked of" sense; again, any pejorative intent has to be supplied by the matter following that, which seldom happens:
All you have to remember is that it always seems to have a certain piquancy, a certain bite, from its frequent association with persons and things of undesirable character. Even when it is neutral in denotation, it has that characteristic flavor—but there are ways to subdue it.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Choose the Right Synonym for notorious
FAMOUS, RENOWNED, CELEBRATED, NOTED, NOTORIOUS, DISTINGUISHED, EMINENT, ILLUSTRIOUS
mean known far and wide.
FAMOUS implies little more than the fact of being, sometimes briefly, widely and popularly known. a famous actress
RENOWNED implies more glory and acclamation. one of the most renowned figures in sports history
CELEBRATED implies notice and attention especially in print. the most celebrated beauty of her day
NOTED suggests well-deserved public attention. the noted mystery writer NOTORIOUS frequently adds to
FAMOUS an implication of questionableness or evil. a notorious gangster
DISTINGUISHED implies acknowledged excellence or superiority. a distinguished scientist who won the Nobel Prize
EMINENT implies even greater prominence for outstanding quality or character. the country's most eminent writers
ILLUSTRIOUS stresses enduring honor and glory attached to a deed or person. illustrious war heroes
Did You Know?
Notorious was adopted into English in the 16th century from Medieval Latin notorius, itself from Late Latin's noun notorium, meaning "information" or "indictment." "Notorium," in turn, derives from the Latin verb noscere, meaning "to come to know."
Although "notorious" can be a synonym of "famous,"
meaning simply "widely known," it long ago developed the additional implication of someone or something unpleasant or undesirable. The Book of Common Prayer Offices of 1549 includes the first known use of the unfavorable meaning in print, referring to "notorious synners."
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression Dictionary
The first two of these words have about the same meaning ‘celebrated’ ‘acclaimed’ ‘renowned’, Each, however, is overused in an exaggerated sense of “well-known.” Notorious has a meaning of ‘infamous’ ‘known widely and unfavorably.’
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