9. Addiction
Definition:
Historical definition with regard solely to psychoactive substances (for example alcohol, tobacco and other drugs) which cross the blood-brain barrier once ingested, temporarily altering the chemical milieu of the brain. Contemporary addiction also includes psychological dependency on such things as gambling, food, sex, pornography, computers, video games, internet, work, exercise, idolising, watching TV or certain types of non-pornographic videos, spiritual obsession, pain，cutting and shopping so these behaviors count as 'addictions' as well and cause guilt, shame, fear, hopelessness, failure, rejection, anxiety, or humiliation symptoms associated with, among other medical conditions, depression and epilepsy
Drug & substance addiction
1) Alcohol dependence; 2) Opioid dependence ; 3) Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic dependence (including benzodiazepine dependence and barbiturate dependence)
4) Cocaine dependence; 5) Cannabis dependence; 6) Amphetamine dependence (or amphetamine-like); 7) Hallucinogen dependence; 8) Inhalant dependence
9) Polysubstance dependence; 10) Phencyclidine (or phencyclidine-like) dependence
11) Other (or unknown) substance dependence; 12) Nicotine dependence
Behavioral addiction:
It initially is a way of enhancing their experience of life, and later, as a way of coping with stress, which follow a cycle similar to that of substance dependence. Examples:
1) Problem gambling; 2）Sexual activities; 3）Food and eating ; 4）Exercise; 5）Computer games ; 6）Shopping
Consequences:
1) Rising health care expenditures and financial loss of the society; 2) Medical problems: cancer, AIDS/HIV, heart diseases, mental illnesses, etc. 3)Social problems: drugged driving, violence, child abuse, etc.
Strategies to deal with it:
1) Develop, increase, and sustain substance abuse community coalition capacity coalition and network; 2) Implement evidence-based and model programs for substance abuse prevention; 3) Collaborate and coordinate with other substance abuse providers and community partners ; 4) Increase youth involvement in policy development and connect at-risk youth to caring adult mentors from a variety of backgrounds and implement school collaboration guide; 5)Therapeutic intervention；
6）Community based/outpatient intervention；7）Pharmacological intervention；
8）Incarceration； 9）Harm reduction intervention 10）Environmental: Media awareness and social marketing campaigns; public and workplace policies; 11）drug free workplace programs and initiatives aimed at changing community norms, standards and beliefs; 12）Problem identification and referral: crisis and other types of help lines; employee and student assistance
