2022-03-24
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – F - first & firstly & secondly & annual
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Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง first = “FURST”
ออกเสียง firstly = “FURST-lee”
ออกเสียง secondly = “SEK-uhnd-lee”
ออกเสียง annual = “AN-yoo-uhl”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
first & firstly & secondly
All three of these terms are in acceptable use,
but first is more common than firstly.
A speaker or writer will often start withfirst
and then move on to secondly andthirdly.
Although these -ly words are in respectable use,
it is simpler and more economical to employ shorter forms
(first, second, third, fourth),
especially since these short forms
can be used adverbially and adjectivally:
“Several points need to be stressed: first (or firstly)
there is the matter of money.” “Who came in first?”
“Let us first (or firstly) consider the refugees.”
Numbers greater than four usually come
after first (the first twenty applicants);
numbers smaller than four may
precede or follow first
(the first three applicants, the three first applicants).
Recommendation:
drop the -ly forms and always use first, second, third, etc.,
or one, two, three, etc.
No need or excuse exists for
such phrases as “first of all” and “second of all.”
Use first or firstly, second or secondly, and drop the useless of all.
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
First annual
Some people get upset
when the “first annual” occurrence of some event is announced,
arguing that it doesn’t become annual until it’s been repeated.
But “first annual” simply means
“the first of what is planned to be an annual series of events”
—it’s a fine expression.
Dictionary.com:
MORE ABOUT FIRST
What is a basic definition of first?
First is used to describe something
as being original or before anything else,
as in time, order, or rank.
First can also be used to describe
something as happening before something else
or as happening for the first time.
First is also used as a noun
to mean the person or thing that is before all others,
as in rank.
First has other senses as an adjective, adverb, and noun.
As an adjective,
first describes something as being the original,
with nothing else coming before it in time or in a series.
In regards to importance or rank,
first means no other rank is higher or has more authority.
A ship captain’s first mate, for example,
has the most authority out of all the crew.
The opposite of first is last.
- Real-life examples:
A is the first letter in the English alphabet.
George Washington was the first president of the United States.
Mercury is the first planet from the sun.
- Used in a sentence:
I bought my first car when I was eighteen.
First is used in this same sense as an adverb
to describe something happening before all others in time
or coming before all others in rank.
- Used in a sentence:
She answered the question first out of all of the students.
First is also used in this sense as a noun
to refer to something that is before all others of its kind.
- Used in a sentence:
I was the first to make it to the movie theater.
In a similar sense,
first is used as an adverb to mean something happens for the first time.
- Used in a sentence:
I first went to Tokyo when I was eight years old.
First is also used as an adverb
to mean something happens before something else.
- Used in a sentence:
Before you borrow your sister’s bike, make sure to ask her first.
Where does first come from?
The first records of first come from before the year 1000.
It ultimately comes from the Old English word fyrest
and is related to the German Fürst, meaning “prince.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
'First' or 'Firstly'?
People have been complaining about 'firstly' for centuries
What to Know
Regarding first vs firstly,
most situations call for "first" as it itself is an adverb.
"First" is a flat adverb
meaning it takes the same form as its adjective pair,
but while some flat adverbs mean the same as their "-ly" versions
(the sun shone bright/brightly),
"first" and "firstly" have diverged slightly
and are not always interchangeable.
When enumerating a list of two or more things,
should you begin with first or firstly?
There’s a strong preference
for first in written English today,
but adverbs are supposed to end in -ly, aren’t they?
Like so many “rules” of English, this one isn’t a rule at all,
but a shortcut that helps with broad generalizations.
Flat Adverbs
An adverb that has the same form as its related adjective
is called a flat adverb (think of fast in “go fast” or slow in “go slow”).
There are relatively few of these in English,
since many adverbs do have an -ly ending,
which creates adjective/adverb pairs like speedy/speedily, elegant/elegantly, close/closely, etc.
Some flat adverbs have the same meaning with both forms:
“The sun shines bright/brightly.”
Some have different meanings,
having separated over time, like “sleep tight” and “close tightly.”
And some, like first and firstly, have an uneasy coexistence.
History of Firstly
It turns out that there’s been a conspiracy against firstly for centuries.
The great English dictionaries of the 1700s and early 1800s
by Samuel Johnson and Noah Webster didn’t even have entries for firstly,
though the word had been used since the 1300s
(Webster had no entry between FIRSTLING and FIRST-RATE).
When firstly was finally added in the first posthumous edition
of Webster’s Dictionary in 1847,
it wasn’t even accorded the courtesy of a definition;
instead, the entry simply reads “Improperly used instead of first.”
Some writers objected to the use of firstly
instead of first for the oldest reason in the book:
they thought it was new to the language
(the 19th-century equivalent of saying: “That’s not a word!”).
We know today that they were incorrect,
but since firstly hadn’t been entered in dictionaries until then,
they could be forgiven for thinking it was a neologism.
Others objected with a double correction:
they said that those who used firstly
created an adverb from first
because the firstly-users believed that first wasn’t an adverb
—all a waste of time,
since first was and is used as an adverb (as are fast, slow, tight, etc.).
The new objection was that firstly amounted to
a pedantic hypercorrection of a word that was just fine in the first place,
and therefore unnecessary.
This is clearly the rationale behind the stigmatization
found in the entry in the 1847 Webster’s Dictionary.
More recent objections have been more about style than substance:
these commentators don’t like firstly because it’s longer than first.
Even though they are both adverbs,
first and firstly are hardly interchangeable in all situations:
we never say “firstly of all” or “I firstly noticed it yesterday,”
but these differences amount to idiomatic usage
—the habits of centuries—and not grammar.
In writing, first is much more common than firstly
and is probably the best bet for most situations,
even if the only reason is that a reader may wonder
if firstly is proper and be distracted by this word choice.
You might say that the conspiracy has succeeded
by maintaining this word's slightly disrespectable reputation.
Collins COBUID English Dictionary:
first & firstly
1. 'first' used as an adjective
The first thing, event, or person of a particular kind is the one
that comes before all the others.
She lost 16 pounds in the first month of her diet.
Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space.
If you want to emphasize that a thing, event, or person
is the first one of their kind, you can put very in front of first.
The very first thing I do when I get home is have a cup of tea.
2. 'first' used as an adverb
If an event happens before other events,
you say that it happens first.
Rani spoke first.
When people get their newspaper, which page do they read first?
Be Careful!
Don't use 'firstly' with this meaning.
Don't say, for example, 'Rani spoke firstly'.
3. 'first' and 'firstly' used as sentence adverbials
You can use first or firstly to introduce the first point in a discussion,
the first of a series of questions or instructions,
or the first item in a list.
First, mix the eggs and flour.
There are two reasons why I'm angry. Firstly you're late, and secondly,
you've forgotten your homework.
If you want to emphasize that an item is the first one
you are going to mention, you can say first of all.
I have made a commitment, first of all to myself, and secondly to my family.
First of all, I'd like to thank you all for coming.
Be Careful!
Don't say 'firstly of all'.
4. 'at first'
When you are contrasting feelings or actions
at the beginning of an event with ones that came later,
you say at first.
At first I was reluctant.
At first I thought that the shop was empty, then from behind
one of the counters a man appeared.
Be Careful!
Don't use 'firstly' in sentences like these.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Merriam-Webster’s Great Big List of Words You Love to Hate
firstly
There have been numerous objections to firstly over the years.
These include the charge that it is a new addition to the language (wrong), that firstly is a hypercorrection of first (wrong),
and that it is longer than first (correct!).
If you would like to learn more about firstly, and racy topics
such as flat adverbs, you may do so here.
such a stupid word.
— Comment on firstly definition by L. C., 2018
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
History and Etymology for annual
Adjective and Noun
Middle English, from Anglo-French & Late Latin;
Anglo-French annuel, from Late Latin annualis,
blend of Latin annuus yearly (from annus year)
and Latin annalis yearly (from annus year);
probably akin to Goth athnam (dative plural) years,
Sanskrit atati he walks, goes
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
Is That Plant 'Perennial' or 'Annual'?
We get asked at least once a year
What to Know
Annual flowers, or annuals, have a lifespan of one year,
rather than occurring yearly as the name might suggest.
On the other hand, perennial flowers, or perennials,
grow back every spring.
Both of these words stem from the Latin root for "year."
Each and every year, as the bleak winter months roll on,
aspiring gardeners begin to plan their gardens for the coming year.
Choices are made;
should one once attempt to grow strawberries,
or merely acquiesce to the inevitable supremacy of the zucchini?
Is it worth trying to once again defy
the seemingly innumerable creatures who gorge on tomatoes?
Is this the year to grow flowers in addition to vegetables?
Which Flowers Grow Back?
For those who do decide to plant flowers
there is quickly a decision which needs to be made:
should one plant perennials or annuals?
Those who are unfamiliar with the difference between such plants,
and interested in having flowers that come back every year,
may turn to a dictionary in order to make the correct choice.
Given that annual may be defined as
“occurring or happening every year or once a year,”
some number of gardeners will doubtless plant this kind of flower,
setting themselves up for years of disappointment and lifeless husks.
Because while annual can indeed mean “occurring every year,”
that is when it is applied to things like vision exams or holiday parties;
when applied to plants, annual means
“completing the life cycle in one growing season or single year.”
If you want plants that come back every year
(at least until your poor gardening technique manages to kill them off)
then you should be planting flowers that are perennial
(“persisting for several years usually with new herbaceous growth
from a perennating part”).
An annual is a plant that lives and dies in one growing season.
A perennial regrows and reblooms year after year.
In our busy world, why plant anything but perennials?
— Jeanette Marantos, The Los Angeles Times, 28 Feb. 2020
Yes, annual and perennial share a root
(both may be traced to the Latin word for “year,” annus,
and the two words have considerable semantic overlap
(both may mean “recurrent” in some way),
but insofar as they relate to plants they are markedly different.
Both words may also function as nouns;
an annual can be a publication occurring yearly,
a yearly event, or “something that lasts one year or season
(specifically, a plant that completes its growth in one growing season).”
A perennial may be a recurrent topic, a continuing question, or “a plant
(such as a tree or shrub, or an herb renewing the top growth seasonally)
that lives for an indefinite number of years.”
The noun form is somewhat more common
in reference to gardening choices
(perennials or annuals, rather than perennial flowers or annual plants).
History of Annual and Perennial
Annual is the older of the words,
in use as both noun and adjective since the 14th century.
Perennial came into use in the early 17th century,
first as an adjective meaning “lasting indefinitely; impervious to change.”
Similarly to how these earliest uses of perennial mean “everlasting,”
the first uses of this word when referring to plants were “evergreen”;
later uses included the horticultural sense of “growing anew each year.”
The earliest uses of annual were “covering the period of a year”
(adjective) and “an event that occurs yearly” (noun);
the application of this word to plants that die without your help
each year came about the in 17th century.
Here is a shorter version:
if you want plants that will ostensibly come back every year,
buy perennials.
If you are fine with your plants expiring every year
and having to procure replacements, then buy annuals.
And if you want plants that are dependable
and behave as they are supposed to year after year, buy plastic ones.
